{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T08:16:54Z","timestamp":1780474614919,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>The rise of wearable sensing technology shows promise for addressing the challenges of measuring motor behavior in pediatric populations. The current pediatric wearable sensing literature is highly variable with respect to the number of sensors used, sensor placement, wearing time, and how data extracted from the sensors are analyzed. Many studies derive conceptually similar variables via different calculation methods, making it hard to compare across studies and clinical populations. In hopes of moving the field forward, this report provides referent upper limb wearable sensor data from accelerometers on 25 variables in typically-developing children, ages 3\u201317 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is a secondary analysis of data from three pediatric cohorts of children 3\u201317 years of age. Participants (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009222) in the cohorts wore bilateral wrist accelerometers for 2\u20134 days for a total of 622 recording days. Accelerometer data were reprocessed to compute 25 variables that quantified upper limb movement duration, intensity, symmetry, and complexity. Analyses examined the influence of hand dominance, age, gender, reliability, day-to-day stability, and the relationships between variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The majority of variables were similar on the dominant and non-dominant sides, declined slightly with age, and were not different between boys and girls. ICC values were moderate to excellent. Variation within individuals across days generally ranged from 3% to 32%. A web-based R shiny object is available for data viewing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title><jats:p>With the use of wearable movement sensors increasing rapidly, these data provide key, referent information for researchers as they design studies, and analyze and interpret data from neurodevelopmental and other pediatric clinical populations. These data may be of particularly high value for pediatric rare diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1361757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T04:50:20Z","timestamp":1709268620000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Referent data for investigations of upper limb accelerometry: harmonized data from three cohorts of typically-developing children"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Catherine E.","family":"Lang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine R.","family":"Hoyt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey D.","family":"Konrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayla R.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"Marrus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marghuretta D.","family":"Bland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith R.","family":"Lohse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison E.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2019.103546","article-title":"Using accelerometry for measurement of motor behavior in children: relationship of real-world movement to standardized evaluation","volume":"96","author":"Hoyt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1089\/chi.2013.0035","article-title":"Validity of family child care providers\u2019 proxy reports on children\u2019s physical activity","volume":"9","author":"Rice","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Obes"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26795","article-title":"A step toward the future of seamless measurement with wearable sensors in pediatric populations with neuromuscular diseases","volume":"61","author":"Lang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-020-0653-2","article-title":"Feasibility of using acceleration-derived jerk to quantify bimanual arm use","volume":"17","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzz022","article-title":"Validating accelerometry as a measure of arm movement for children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy","volume":"99","author":"Dawe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1177\/00315125221125275","article-title":"A feasibility study of bilateral wrist sensors for measuring motor traits in children with autism","volume":"129","author":"Konrad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2019.06.002","article-title":"Cumulative jerk as an outcome measure in nonambulatory Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"41","author":"Fujii","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26763","article-title":"Monitoring daily physical activity of upper extremity in young and adolescent boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a pilot study","volume":"61","author":"van der Geest","year":"2020","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e3181b54612","article-title":"Is overactivity a core feature in ADHD? 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