{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T04:03:56Z","timestamp":1793073836521,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adolescent gynecomastia, a benign proliferation of male breast tissue, can lead to psychological issues during adolescence. The prevalence varies widely (4%\u221269%). The incidence peaks are during neonatal, pubertal, and senescent periods. Its affect on emotional well-being necessitates understanding and occasional intervention. This study aimed to determine the incidence of gynecomastia among male adolescents aged 12\u201315 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective cross-sectional study utilized the Clalit Health Care Services database (2008\u20132021) with a population of approximately 4.5 million. Participants aged 12\u201315 years were included if diagnosed with gynecomastia (International classification of diseases-9 code 611.1) and having a body mass index (BMI) measurement and no obesity diagnosis (ICD9 code 278.0). Data analysis included incidence rates and associations with ethnicity, age, BMI, and socioeconomic status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>531,686 participants included with an incidence of 1.08%. Of all participants, 478,140 had a BMI\u2009\u2264\u200925 with an incidence of 0.7%, and 0.25%\u20130.35% yearly, and 70% of gynecomastia patients were aged 13\u201314 years. The prevalence of gynecomastia differed between Jews (1.28%) and Arabs (0.67%), but the disparity diminished when socioeconomic status was considered.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This unprecedented Population study establishes a definitive rate of true pubertal gynecomastia, revealing a lower yearly incidence as compared to previous reports. The higher observed prevalence among Jewish adolescents, may be caused due to complex interactions between different influencing factors. Understanding these dynamics can aid in formulating more targeted interventions and policy strategies to address gynecomastia's affect on adolescent well-being.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1367550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T15:17:37Z","timestamp":1709738257000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Pubertal gynecomastia incidence among 530,000 boys: a cross sectional population based study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ori","family":"Berger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzipi","family":"Hornik-Lurie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Talisman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2002.15.5.553","article-title":"Pubertal gynecomastia","volume":"15","author":"Lazala","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2007.03.010","article-title":"Relationship of adolescent gynecomastia with varicocele and somatometric parameters: a cross-sectional study in 6200 healthy boys","volume":"41","author":"Kumanov","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)82843-4","article-title":"Hormonal studies and physical maturation in adolescent gynecomastia","volume":"116","author":"Biro","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199302183280708","article-title":"Gynecomastia","volume":"328","author":"Braunstein","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.23750\/abm.v88i2.6665","article-title":"Management of adolescent gynecomastia: an update","volume":"88","author":"Soliman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2015.06.007","article-title":"A systematic review of literature on psychosocial aspects of gynecomastia in adolescents and young men","volume":"43","author":"Rew","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Adolesc"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978311","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.978311","article-title":"Gynecomastia: a systematic review of pharmacological treatments","volume":"10","author":"Berger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e328305e415","article-title":"Gynecomastia in prepubertal and pubertal men","volume":"20","author":"Ma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3134","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa440","article-title":"Marked increase in incident gynecomastia: a 20-year national registry study, 1998 to 2017","volume":"105","author":"Koch","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1961.03040440001001","article-title":"Gynecomastia in adolescent boys","volume":"178","author":"Nydick","year":"1961","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-58-3-492","article-title":"Hormonal changes during puberty: v. 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