{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T05:26:10Z","timestamp":1784697970411,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The acquisition of fine motor skills is considered to be a crucial developmental milestone throughout early childhood. This study aimed to investigate the fine motor performance of young children with different disability diagnoses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We enrolled a sample of 1,897 young children under the age of 6 years who were at risk of developmental delays and were identified by a transdisciplinary team. A series of standardized developmental assessments included the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-Third Edition, Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Fourth Edition, Peabody Developmental Motor Scale-Second Edition, and Movement Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition were used. Retrospective chart reviews were conducted on all children to identify specific developmental disorders. The number of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability (ID), attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), comorbidity, motor dysfunction, and unspecified developmental delays (DD) were 363 (19.1%), 223 (11.8%), 234 (12.3%), 285 (15.0%), 128 (6.7%), and 590 (31.1%), respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Young children with ID, comorbidity, and motor dysfunction demonstrated significant difficulty in performing manual dexterity and visual motor integration tasks and scored significantly lower in these areas than children with ASD, ADHD, and unspecified DD. In addition, fine motor performance was associated with cognitive ability in children with different disability diagnoses, indicating that young children showed better fine motor performance when they demonstrated better cognitive ability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings support that differences in fine motor performance differ by disability type. Close links between fine motor performance and cognitive ability in children under the age of 6 years were seen in all disability types.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1372980","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T04:44:46Z","timestamp":1710737086000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Comparing fine motor performance among young children with autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, and specific developmental disorder of motor function"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ling-Yi","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I-Ting","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Fen","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Hao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Chun","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Wen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Fang","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":". Developmentally Appropriate Practice in Early Childhood Programs Serving Children from Birth Through Age 8","author":"Copple","year":"2009"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.5772\/8710","article-title":"Digitizing literacy: reflections on the haptics of writing","volume-title":"Advances in Haptics","author":"Mangen","year":"2010"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1080\/01942638.2016.1255290","article-title":"Effect of touch screen tablet use on fine motor development of young children","volume":"37","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys Occup Ther Pediatr"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0170-6","article-title":"A comparison of motor delays in young children: autism spectrum disorder, developmental delay, and developmental concerns","volume":"37","author":"Provost","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.13012","article-title":"Comparing the fundamental movement skill proficiency of children with intellectual disabilities and typically developing children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"67","author":"Kavanagh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Intellect Disabil Res"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2016.01.016","article-title":"Relations among motor, social, and cognitive skills in pre-kindergarten children with developmental disabilities","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17254","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-44472-1","article-title":"Prevalence and trends of developmental disabilities among US children and adolescents aged 3 to 17 years, 2018-2021","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2013.07.002","article-title":"Fine and gross motor performance of the MABC-2 by children with autism spectrum disorder and typically developing children","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res Autism Spectr Disord"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2017.10.025","article-title":"Comparing motor performance, praxis, coordination, and interpersonal synchrony between children with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD)","volume":"72","author":"Kaur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598276","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.598276","article-title":"Motor development in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"9","author":"Nordin A","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2010.01318.x","article-title":"Motor performance of children with mild intellectual disability and borderline intellectual functioning","volume":"54","author":"Vuijk","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Intellect Disabil Res"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2014-1533","article-title":"Motor development of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"37","author":"Neto F","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-009-0813-5","article-title":"Fundamental movement skills in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"39","author":"Pan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.12.033","article-title":"Motor functioning, exploration, visuospatial cognition and language development in preschool children with autism","volume":"39","author":"Hellendoorn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2009.03606.x","article-title":"Stability of motor problems in young children with or at risk of autism spectrum disorders, ADHD, and or developmental coordination disorder","volume":"52","author":"Van Waelvelde","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/J006v27n03_03","article-title":"Levels of gross and fine motor development in young children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"27","author":"Provost","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys Occup Ther Pediatr"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.12965\/jer.1836046.023","article-title":"Motor proficiency differences among students with intellectual disabilities, autism, and developmental disability","volume":"14","author":"Jeoung","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Exerc Rehabil"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1080\/15248372.2019.1607862","article-title":"Relations between preschool children\u2019s fine motor skills and general cognitive abilities","volume":"20","author":"Martzog","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cogn Dev"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2005.00899.x","article-title":"Relation between cognitive and motor performance in 5- to 6-year-old children: results from a large-scale cross-sectional study","volume":"76","author":"Wassenberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014618","article-title":"Systems in development: motor skill acquisition facilitates three-dimensional object completion","volume":"46","author":"Soska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2016.01.012","article-title":"The interrelationships between motor, cognitive, and language development in children with and without intellectual and developmental disabilities","author":"Houwen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-05022-8","article-title":"The relationship between motor skills and intelligence in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"52","author":"Ramos-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S153102","article-title":"IQ discrepancy differentiates levels of fine motor skills and their relationship in children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2021.103855","article-title":"Relations between fine motor skills and intelligence in typically developing children and children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"110","author":"Klupp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2012.01.008","article-title":"Motor and cognitive performance differences between children with and without developmental coordination disorder (DCD)","volume":"33","author":"Asonitou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e20372","article-title":"Motor development of first born compared to later born children in the first two years of life - A replication","volume":"9","author":"Krombholz","year":"","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3864","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17113864","article-title":"Effect of siblings and type of delivery on the development of motor skills in the first 48 months of life","volume":"17","author":"Rebelo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3705","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57111-9_1606","article-title":"Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology","author":"Warschausky","year":"2018"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.07.006","article-title":"A psychometric study of the Bayley scales of infant and toddler development - 3rd edition for term and preterm Taiwanese infants","volume":"34","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"B30","volume-title":"Peabody Developmental Motor Scales","author":"Folio","year":"2000"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20050259","article-title":"Reliability, sensitivity to change, and responsiveness of the peabody developmental motor scales-second edition for children with cerebral palsy","volume":"86","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"B32","volume-title":"Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2s Edition","author":"Henderson","year":"2007"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617707070270","article-title":"Motor and gestural performance in children with autism spectrum disorders, developmental coordination disorder, and\/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"13","author":"Dewey","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"B34","author":"Reeves","year":"1995"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01292","article-title":"The semiology of motor disorders in autism spectrum disorders as highlighted from a standardized neuro-psychomotor assessment","volume":"7","author":"Paquet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1449","article-title":"Overlap between autism spectrum disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: searching for distinctive\/common clinical features","volume":"8","author":"Craig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.03.019","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in early childhood: a review of unique and shared characteristics and developmental antecedents","volume":"65","author":"Visser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-011-1421-8","article-title":"Motor skills in children aged 7-10 years, diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"42","author":"Whyatt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2708","article-title":"Motor skills predict adaptive behavior in autistic children and adolescents","volume":"15","author":"Fears","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04536-x","article-title":"IQ and sensory symptom severity best predict motor ability in children with and without autism spectrum disorder","volume":"51","author":"Surgent","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2024.1372980\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T04:44:53Z","timestamp":1710737093000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2024.1372980\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2024.1372980"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2024.1372980","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]]},"article-number":"1372980"}}