{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T09:59:13Z","timestamp":1782554353586,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is one of the most common endocrine disorders of childhood and adolescence, showing a rapidly increasing prevalence worldwide. A study indicated that the composition of the oropharyngeal and gut microbiota changed in T1DM. However, no studies have yet associated the changes between the microbiomes of the oropharyngeal and intestinal sites, nor between the flora and clinical indicators. In this study, we examined the composition and characteristics of oropharyngeal and intestinal flora in patients with T1DM in compared to healthy children. We identified correlations between oropharyngeal and intestinal flora and evaluated their association with clinical laboratory tests in patients with T1DM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The oropharyngeal and fecal samples from 13 T1DM and 20 healthy children were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing of the V3\u2013V4 region of 16S rRNA. The associations between microbes and microorganisms in oropharyngeal and fecal ecological niches, as well as the correlation between these and clinical indicators were further analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>It was revealed that T1DM children had distinct microbiological characteristics, and the dominant oropharyngeal microbiota genus included Streptococcus, Prevotella, Leptotrichia, and Neisseria; that of intestinal microbiota included Blautia, Fusicatenibacter, Bacteroides, and Eubacterium_hallii_group. Furthermore, oropharyngeal Staphylococcus was significantly positively correlated with intestinal norank_f__Ruminococcaceae and Ruminococcus_torques_group in TIDM children. Moreover, in these children, differential genes in oropharyngeal and intestinal samples were enriched in metabolic pathways such as amino acid generation, fatty acid metabolism, and nucleotide sugar biosynthesis. Additionally, correlation analysis between the oropharyngeal\/intestinal microbiome with laboratory tests showed significant correlations between several bacterial taxa in the oropharynx and intestines and glycated hemoglobin and C-peptide.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Unique microbial characteristics were found in the oropharynx and intestine in children with T1DM compared to healthy children. Positive correlations were found between changes in the relative abundance of oropharyngeal and gut microbiota in children with T1DM. Associations between the oropharyngeal\/intestinal microbiota and laboratory investigations in children with T1DM suggest that the composition of the oropharyngeal and intestinal flora in children with T1DM may have some impact on glycemic control.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1382466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T08:13:31Z","timestamp":1718266411000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A pilot study on the characterization and correlation of oropharyngeal and intestinal microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Limin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiye","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinxue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhanshuang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399817666210903153837","article-title":"Skin involvement in paediatric patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Passanisi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rev"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0254-y","article-title":"The heterogeneous pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"15","author":"Ilonen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.02.010","article-title":"The oralome and its dysbiosis: new insights into oral microbiome-host interactions","volume":"19","author":"Radaic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756808","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.756808","article-title":"Characterization of the oral microbiome among children with type 1 diabetes compared with healthy children","volume":"12","author":"Moskovitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11234","article-title":"Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome","volume":"486","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2974","article-title":"The gut microbiota\u2013masters of host development and physiology","volume":"11","author":"Sommer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/dnares\/dst037","article-title":"Dysbiosis of salivary microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease and its association with oral immunological biomarkers","volume":"21","author":"Said","year":"2014","journal-title":"DNA Res"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119201","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1119201","article-title":"Distribution characteristics of oral microbiota and its relationship with intestinal microbiota in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"14","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yclnex.2016.01.001","article-title":"Role of the microbiome in the normal and aberrant glycemic response","volume":"6","author":"Suez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Nutr Exp"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-1656","article-title":"The gut microbiome of adults with type 1 diabetes and its association with the host glycemic control","volume":"45","author":"Shilo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00029","article-title":"Impact of gut microbiota on host glycemic control","volume":"10","author":"G\u00e9rard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00095","article-title":"Trophic interactions of infant bifidobacteria and Eubacterium hallii during L-fucose and fucosyllactose degradation","volume":"30","author":"Schwab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-015-7039-6","article-title":"Denitrifying sulfide removal process on high-salinity wastewaters in the presence of Halomonas sp","volume":"100","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i884","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty560","article-title":"Fastp: an ultra-fast all-in-one FASTQ preprocessor","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr507","article-title":"FLASH: fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies","volume":"27","author":"Mago\u010d","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2604","article-title":"UPARSE: highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads","volume":"10","author":"Edgar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-44-4-846","article-title":"Taxonomic note: a place for DNA-DNA reassociation and 16S rRNA sequence analysis in the present species definition in bacteriology","volume":"44","author":"Stackebrandt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J Syst Bacteriol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5261","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00062-07","article-title":"Naive Bayesian classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0548-6","article-title":"PICRUSt2 for prediction of metagenome functions","volume":"38","author":"Douglas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7537","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01541-09","article-title":"Introducing mothur: open-source, platform-independent, community-supported software for describing and comparing microbial communities","volume":"75","author":"Schloss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60","article-title":"Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation","volume":"12","author":"Segata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2011.119.","article-title":"Using network analysis to explore co-occurrence patterns in soil microbial communities","volume":"6","author":"Barberan","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.06.005","article-title":"A universal gut-microbiome-derived signature predicts cirrhosis","volume":"32","author":"Oh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-018-0548-1","article-title":"Oral microbiomes: more and more importance in oral cavity and whole body","volume":"9","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.gpp3-0042-2018","article-title":"Biology of oral streptococci","volume":"6","author":"Abranches","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-022-02555-x","article-title":"Association between metabolic control and oral health in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"22","author":"Ferizi","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1159\/000069020","article-title":"Metabolic control as a modifier of the association between salivary factors and dental caries among diabetic patients","volume":"37","author":"Syrj\u00e4l\u00e4","year":"2003","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4364-3","article-title":"Frequency of putative periodontal pathogens among type 1 diabetes mellitus: a case-control study","volume":"12","author":"Mahalakshmi","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.14715","article-title":"The flavodoxin FldA activates the class Ia ribonucleotide reductase of Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"116","author":"Alqurashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-018-1596-x","article-title":"Transcriptomic analysis of Campylobacter jejuni grown in a medium containing serine as the main energy source","volume":"201","author":"Watanabe-Yanai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Microbiol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0188475","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188475","article-title":"Distinct fecal and oral microbiota composition in human type 1 diabetes, an observational study","volume":"12","author":"de Groot","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-0253","article-title":"Gut microbiota differs in composition and functionality between children with type 1 diabetes and MODY2 and healthy control subjects: a case-control study","volume":"41","author":"Leiva-Gea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647529","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.647529","article-title":"The effects of erchen decoction on gut microbiota and lipid metabolism disorders in zucker diabetic fatty rats","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3741","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.003041","article-title":"Reclassification of Eubacterium hallii as Anaerobutyricum hallii gen. nov., comb. nov., and description of Anaerobutyricum soehngenii sp. nov., a butyrate and propionate-producing bacterium from infant faeces","volume":"68","author":"Shetty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/npjbiofilms.2016.9","article-title":"Oral treatment with Eubacterium hallii improves insulin sensitivity in db\/db mice","volume":"2","author":"Udayappan","year":"2016","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.109873","article-title":"Investigation of gut microbiome changes in type 1 diabetic mellitus rats based on high-throughput sequencing","volume":"124","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12672","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1904099116","article-title":"Ruminococcus gnavus, a member of the human gut microbiome associated with Crohn\u2019s disease, produces an inflammatory polysaccharide","volume":"116","author":"Henke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-105641","article-title":"High glucose and lipopolysaccharide activate NOD1-RICK-NF-\u00ceBinflammatory signaling in mesangial cells","volume":"124","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3856","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2018.15247","article-title":"Nanoliposomal resveratrol as a novel approach to treatment of diabetes mellitus","volume":"18","author":"Y\u00fccel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanosci Nanotechnol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1039\/c6fo00381h","article-title":"Niacin and olive oil promote skewing to the M2 phenotype in bone marrow-derived macrophages of mice with metabolic syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Montserrat-de la Paz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1805418","article-title":"An integrated fecal microbiome and metabolomics in T2DM rats reveal antidiabetes effects from host-microbial metabolic axis of EtOAc extract from Sophora flavescens","volume":"2020","author":"Shao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157368","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1157368","article-title":"Mapping the human oral and gut fungal microbiota in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease","volume":"13","author":"Niu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ftaa024","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftaa024","article-title":"Oral bacteria affect the gut microbiome and intestinal immunity","volume":"78","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.2337\/db19-0211","article-title":"Polysaccharide a-dependent opposing effects of mucosal and systemic exposures to human gut commensal Bacteroides fragilis in type 1 diabetes","volume":"68","author":"Sofi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12909","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum exacerbates colitis by damaging epithelial barriers and inducing aberrant inflammation","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dig Dis"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12816","article-title":"Ingestion of Porphyromonas gingivalis exacerbates colitis via intestinal epithelial barrier disruption in mice","volume":"56","author":"Tsuzuno","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Periodontal Res"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4828","DOI":"10.1038\/srep04828","article-title":"Oral pathobiont induces systemic inflammation and metabolic changes associated with alteration of gut microbiota","volume":"4","author":"Arimatsu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21171","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202001158R","article-title":"Porphyromonas gingivalis impairs glucose uptake in skeletal muscle associated with altering gut microbiota","volume":"35","author":"Watanabe","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858902","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.858902","article-title":"Correlation analysis of gut microbiota and serum metabolome with Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced metabolic disorders","volume":"12","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2021.11.005","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived short chain fatty acids are potential mediators in gut inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Akhtar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim Nutr"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/idj.12530","article-title":"Clinical and microbial oral health status in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"70","author":"Babatzia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.13170","article-title":"Early markers of periodontal disease and altered oral microbiota are associated with glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Jensen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72035-1","article-title":"Alteration of salivary microbiome in periodontitis with or without type-2 diabetes mellitus and metformin treatment","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11030668","article-title":"Oral microbiota in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: novel insights into the pathogenesis of dental and periodontal disease","volume":"11","author":"Carelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5780916","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5780916","article-title":"The influence of type 1 diabetes mellitus on dental caries and salivary composition","volume":"2018","author":"Ferizi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Dent"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.02512-14","article-title":"The interaction between Streptococcus spp. and veillonella tobetsuensis in the early stages of oral biofilm formation","volume":"197","author":"Mashima","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4809","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84355-x","article-title":"The role of gut microbiota and amino metabolism in the effects of improvement of islet \u03b2-cell function after modified jejunoileal bypass","volume":"11","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.04.032","article-title":"Gut microbiota profiling in Han Chinese with type 1 diabetes","volume":"141","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01689","article-title":"Intestinal dysbiosis in autoimmune diabetes is correlated with poor glycemic control and increased interleukin-6: a pilot study","volume":"9","author":"Higuchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v27.i19.2394","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis in Chinese children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: an observational study","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2024.1382466\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T08:13:36Z","timestamp":1718266416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2024.1382466\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2024.1382466"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2024.1382466","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"article-number":"1382466"}}