{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T21:38:26Z","timestamp":1791841106995,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":229,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In contrast to significant declines in deaths due to lung cancer and cardiac disease in Westernised countries, the mortality due to \u2018chronic obstructive pulmonary disease\u2019 (COPD) has minimally changed in recent decades while \u2018the incidence of bronchiectasis\u2019 is on the rise. The current focus on producing guidelines for these two airway \u2018diseases\u2019 has hindered progress in both treatment and prevention. The elephant in the room is that neither COPD nor bronchiectasis is a disease but rather a consequence of progressive untreated airway inflammation. To make this case, it is important to review the evolution of our understanding of airway disease and how a pathological appearance (bronchiectasis) and an arbitrary physiological marker of impaired airways (COPD) came to be labelled as \u2018diseases\u2019. Valuable insights into the natural history of airway disease can be obtained from the pre-antibiotic era. The dramatic impacts of antibiotics on the prevalence of significant airway disease, especially in childhood and early adult life, have largely been forgotten and will be revisited as will the misinterpretation of trials undertaken in those with chronic (bacterial) bronchitis. In the past decades, paediatricians have observed a progressive increase in what is termed \u2018persistent bacterial bronchitis\u2019 (PBB). This condition shares all the same characteristics as \u2018chronic bronchitis\u2019, which is prevalent in young children during the pre-antibiotic era. Additionally, the radiological appearance of bronchiectasis is once again becoming more common in children and, more recently, in adults. Adult physicians remain sceptical about the existence of PBB; however, in one study aimed at assessing the efficacy of antibiotics in adults with persistent symptoms, researchers discovered that the majority of patients exhibiting symptoms of PBB were already on long-term macrolides. In recent decades, there has been a growing recognition of the importance of the respiratory microbiome and an understanding of the ability of bacteria to persist in potentially hostile environments through strategies such as biofilms, intracellular communities, and persister bacteria. This is a challenging field that will likely require new approaches to diagnosis and treatment; however, it needs to be embraced if real progress is to be made.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1391290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T19:07:45Z","timestamp":1718132865000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Time to re-set our thinking about airways disease: lessons from history, the resurgence of chronic bronchitis \/ PBB and modern concepts in microbiology"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mark L.","family":"Everard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kostas","family":"Priftis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastassios C.","family":"Koumbourlis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Shields","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Observations on the Inflammatory Affections of the Mucus Membrane of the Bronchiae","author":"Badham","year":"1808"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2147\/copd.2006.1.1.3","article-title":"The history of COPD","volume":"1","author":"Petty","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.15326\/jcopdf.7.4.2020.0135","article-title":"A brief history of bronchitis in England and Wales","volume":"7","author":"Widdicombe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis"},{"key":"B4","year":""},{"key":"B5","year":""},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.3.2.75","article-title":"The aetiology, prevention and treatment of chronic bronchitis","volume":"3","author":"Southwell","year":"1946","journal-title":"Br J Industr Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4830.237","article-title":"Chronic bronchitis: an introductory examination of existing data","volume":"2","author":"Goodman","year":"1953","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01700-7","article-title":"COPD: from an end-stage disease to lifelong lung health","volume":"863","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B9","volume-title":"De l\u2019ausculatation m\u00e9diate, un Trait\u00e9 du diagnostic des maladies des poumons et du coeur, fonde, principalement sur ce naveau moyen d\u2019exploration","author":"La\u00ebnnec","year":"1819"},{"key":"B10","first-page":"57","volume-title":"A Treatise on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases of the Chest. Diseases of the Lung and Windpipe","author":"Stokes","year":"1837"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.5.3.233","article-title":"Reduction in bronchial subdivision in bronchiectasis","volume":"5","author":"Reid","year":"1950","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.7.1.89","article-title":"Observations on the anatomy of the intrasegmental bronchial tree","volume":"7","author":"Hayward","year":"1952","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.8.2.141","article-title":"Cystic enlargement of the mucous glands of the bronchus associated with chronic bronchitis","volume":"8","author":"Duprez","year":"1953","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B14","first-page":"274","article-title":"Pathology of chronic bronchitis","volume":"266","author":"Reid","year":"1954","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.10.3.199","article-title":"Correlation of certain bronchographic abnormalities seen in chronic bronchitis with the pathological changes","volume":"10","author":"Reid","year":"1955","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B16","first-page":"771","article-title":"Pathology of chronic bronchitis","volume":"49","author":"Reid","year":"1956","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"B17","first-page":"416","article-title":"Measurement of human bronchial glands in chronic bronchitis: experimental study of the response of the bronchial tree to irritation; types of emphysema in chronic bronchitis","volume":"83","author":"Reid","year":"1961","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"B18","author":"Walshe","year":""},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.702.769","article-title":"The pathology and treatment of spasmodic asthma","volume":"1","author":"Williams","year":"1874","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.00095","article-title":"Asthma:\u2014a loss of post-natal homeostatic control of airways smooth muscle with regression towards a pre-natal state","volume":"8","author":"Anthracopoulos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Ped Pulmonol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.1134.551","article-title":"An address on the germ-theory of disease","volume":"2","author":"Crowfoot","year":"1882","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B22","first-page":"312","article-title":"The history of germ theory","volume-title":"The British Medical Journal","year":"1888"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S338","DOI":"10.1086\/513841","article-title":"The pneumococcus at the millennium: not down, not out","volume":"179","author":"Austrian","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Inf Dis"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.4.19.12","article-title":"Studies of pneumonia in childhood: 1. Statistical analysis of pneumonia and bronchitis","volume":"4","author":"McNeil","year":"1929","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1017\/s002217240000855x","article-title":"The influence of weather conditions on the mortality from bronchitis and pneumonia in children","volume":"23","author":"Young","year":"1924","journal-title":"J Hyg (Lond)"},{"key":"B26","first-page":"119","article-title":"Acute bronchiolitis and croup","volume-title":"Common Respiratory Symptoms and Illness: A Graded Evidence-Based Approach","author":"Everard","year":"2009"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.4.23.283","article-title":"Note on the bacteriology of broncho-pneumonia of children","volume":"4","author":"Liston","year":"1929","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31239","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031239","article-title":"Long term sequelae from childhood pneumonia; systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Edmond","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2007.128900","article-title":"A follow-up study of children hospitalised with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"93","author":"Eastham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.4.24.365","article-title":"Remote prognosis of pneumonia","volume":"4","author":"Jameson","year":"1929","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B31","first-page":"755","article-title":"Childhood pneumonia, a common cause of bronchopulmonary disease: importance of prophylaxis and adequate therapy","volume":"83","author":"Finke","year":"1952","journal-title":"AMA Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"B32","first-page":"344","article-title":"Emphysema under the age of forty: clinical and pathological significance","volume":"44","author":"Andrus","year":"1941","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.13.6.638","article-title":"The bacteriology of sputum in common non-tuberculous infections of the upper and lower respiratory tracts","volume":"13","author":"Hastings","year":"1911","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.16.2.126","article-title":"Experimental bronchopneumonia by intrabronchial insufflation","volume":"16","author":"Wollstein","year":"1912","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.32.6.719","article-title":"Studies on experimental pneumonia. Pathological experimental influenza and of bacillus influenza pneumonia in monkeys","volume":"32","author":"Cecil","year":"1920","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1128\/am.18.5.936-937.1969","article-title":"Incidence of mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa from clinical sources","volume":"18","author":"Doggett","year":"1969","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.2721.387","article-title":"Vaccine therapy in chronic bronchitis","volume":"1","author":"Gillett","year":"1913","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.2737.1268","article-title":"Vaccines in the treatment of chronic bronchitis and asthma","volume":"1","author":"Pirie","year":"1913","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.3225.715","article-title":"Some observations on the bacteriology and vaccine treatment of chronic bronchitis: based on 300 cases, with special reference to associated nasal infections","volume":"2","author":"Mackey","year":"1922","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD010010","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858","article-title":"Haemophilus influenzae oral vaccination for preventing acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"6","author":"Teo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00296","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00296-20","article-title":"Immunization with a biofilm-disrupting nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae vaccine antigen did not Alter the gut microbiome in chinchillas, unlike oral delivery of a broad-spectrum antibiotic commonly used for otitis media","volume":"5","author":"Bailey","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2016.04.010","article-title":"Bacterial extract (OM-85) with human-equivalent doses does not inhibit the development of asthma in a murine model","volume":"44","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2016","journal-title":"Allergol Immunopathol (Madr)"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00502-6","article-title":"Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae-Moraxella catarrhalis vaccine for the prevention of exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded, proof-of-concept, phase 2b trial","volume":"10","author":"Andreas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B44","first-page":"773","article-title":"The bacteriology of bronchitis","volume":"49","author":"Mulder","year":"1956","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(53)90274-8","article-title":"The bacteriology of chronic bronchitis","volume":"265","author":"May","year":"1953","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B46","first-page":"121","article-title":"The factor of infection in chronic bronchitis","volume":"22","author":"Stuart-Harris","year":"1953","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(54)91931-5","article-title":"Pathogenic bacteria in chronic bronchitis","volume":"267","author":"May","year":"1954","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(54)91029-6","article-title":"Chronic bronchitis; factors in pathogenesis and their clinical application","volume":"266","author":"Oswald","year":"1954","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(57)91637-9","article-title":"An evaluation of sputum examination in chronic bronchitis","volume":"273","author":"Brumfitt","year":"1957","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10010081","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence and impact of pulmonary bacterial colonisation in stable state chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)","volume":"10","author":"Armitage","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720742","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.720742","article-title":"The role of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae biofilms in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"11","author":"Weeks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B52","volume-title":"The Diseases of the Lungs","author":"Fowler","year":"1898"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.3096.591","article-title":"A lecture on bronchiectasis","volume":"1","author":"Jex-Blake","year":"1920","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2.8.71","article-title":"Bronchiectasis in childhood: its symptomatology, course and cause","volume":"2","author":"Findlay","year":"1927","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.4.22.170","article-title":"Studies of pneumonia in childhood: IV. Bronchiectasis and fibrosis of the lung","volume":"4","author":"McNeil","year":"1929","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.6.31.1","article-title":"Prognosis in bronchiectasis","volume":"6","author":"Findlay","year":"1931","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.3796.639","article-title":"Bronchiectasis: diagnosis and prognosis in relation to treatment","volume":"2","author":"Roles","year":"1933","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B58","first-page":"844","article-title":"Bronchiectasis-a fatal disease","volume":"45","author":"Cookson","year":"1938","journal-title":"Edinb Med J"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.63.2.164","article-title":"Golden anniversary of bronchography by Sicard and Forestier","volume":"63","author":"Banyai","year":"1973","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B60","first-page":"29","article-title":"Bronchograms in the study of pulmonary disease","volume":"42","author":"Miller","year":"1926","journal-title":"Trans Am Climatol Clin Assoc"},{"key":"B61","first-page":"662","article-title":"The technique of bronchography for the general practitioner","volume":"21","author":"Bethune","year":"1929","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.3770.597","article-title":"Observations on dry bronchiectasis","volume":"1","author":"Wall","year":"1933","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.10.56.61","article-title":"Atelectatic or compensatory bronchiectasis","volume":"10","author":"Findlay","year":"1935","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B64","first-page":"444","article-title":"Bronchoscopy in the child with chronic cough","volume":"2","author":"Van Loon","year":"1947","journal-title":"J Am Med Womens Assoc"},{"key":"B65","first-page":"571","article-title":"Bronchoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of bronchiectasis in children","volume":"46","author":"Wishart","year":"1947","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM194712182372502","article-title":"Bronchiectasis; treatment and prevention","volume":"237","author":"Badger","year":"1947","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1177\/000348944805700111","article-title":"Bronchography in bronchiectasis in children","volume":"57","author":"Gann","year":"1948","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(48)91922-9","article-title":"Bronchiectasis simulating chronic bronchitis; a study of 46 cases","volume":"1","author":"Wearing","year":"1948","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.4.1.21","article-title":"Bronchiectasis in childhood; clinical survey of 160 cases","volume":"4","author":"Field","year":"1949","journal-title":"Pediatr"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.4.2.231","article-title":"Bronchiectasis in childhood; aetiology and pathogenesis, including a survey of 272 cases of doubtful irreversible bronchiectasis","volume":"4","author":"Field","year":"1949","journal-title":"Pediatr"},{"key":"B71","first-page":"355","article-title":"Bronchiectasis in childhood; prophylaxis, treatment and progress with a follow-up study of 202 cases of established bronchiectasis","volume":"4","author":"Field","year":"1949","journal-title":"Pediatr"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.6.4.408","article-title":"Bronchography in children","volume":"6","author":"Bates","year":"1951","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1951.tb68281.x","article-title":"Pre-bronchiectasis","volume":"2","author":"Harwood","year":"1951","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"B74","first-page":"427","article-title":"Observations on the aetiology of bronchiectasis","volume":"59","author":"Wynn-Williams","year":"1952","journal-title":"Edinb Med J"},{"key":"B75","first-page":"160","article-title":"Chronic localized catarrhal bronchitis","volume":"34","author":"Lees","year":"1953","journal-title":"Glasgow Med J"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2003.011577","article-title":"The need to redefine non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis in childhood","volume":"59","author":"Eastham","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B77","first-page":"166","article-title":"Reversible bronchiectasis","volume-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol","author":"Fleischner","year":"1941"},{"key":"B78","first-page":"1163","article-title":"Reversibility of early bronchiectasis: its implications for therapy and prevention","volume":"51","author":"Finke","year":"1951","journal-title":"N Y State J Med"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1148\/68.2.204","article-title":"The reversal of advanced bronchiectasis","volume":"68","author":"Pontius","year":"1957","journal-title":"Radiol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0720-048X(02)00122-5","article-title":"Reversible bronchial dilatation in children: comparison of serial high-resolution computer tomography scans of the lungs","volume":"47","author":"Gaillard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmcr.2019.03.002","article-title":"A case report of reversible bronchiectasis in an adult: Pseudobronchiectasis","volume":"26","author":"Kucuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir Med Case Rep"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-44-4-630","article-title":"The fate of children with bronchiectasis","volume":"44","author":"Strang","year":"1956","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4821.1194","article-title":"Bronchiectasis: a study centred on Bedford and its environs","volume":"1","author":"Wynn-Williams","year":"1953","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.4.9906120","article-title":"An investigation into causative factors in patients with bronchiectasis","volume":"162","author":"Pasteur","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4689.1138","article-title":"Atelectasis and bronchiectasis in pertussis","volume":"2","author":"Lees","year":"1950","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B86","first-page":"174","article-title":"Bronchiectasis in children","volume":"25","author":"Boyd","year":"1931","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"B87","first-page":"583","article-title":"Bronchiectasis: aetiology, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"27","author":"Warner","year":"1932","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"B88","first-page":"172","article-title":"Some factors causing bronchial dilatation in bronchiectasis","volume":"50","author":"Warner","year":"1934","journal-title":"Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc"},{"key":"B89","first-page":"529","article-title":"Bronchiectasis: its aetiology, pathology, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment","volume":"74","author":"Ukil","year":"1939","journal-title":"Ind Med Gaz"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM194711272372201","article-title":"The pathogenesis of bronchiectasis","volume":"237","author":"Mallory","year":"1947","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4718.1279","article-title":"The health of the nation","volume":"1","author":"Daley","year":"1951","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.29.4.407","article-title":"Bronchiectasis: results of surgical and conservative management. A review of 393 cases","volume":"29","author":"Sanderson","year":"1974","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1966.tb14958.x","article-title":"Bronchiectasis: a review of 187 cases in children with follow-up pulmonary function studies in 58","volume":"55","author":"Glauser","year":"1966","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.44.237.551","article-title":"Bronchiectasis. Third report on a follow-up study of medical and surgical cases from childhood","volume":"44","author":"Field","year":"1969","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731059","DOI":"10.1080\/22423982.2020.1731059","article-title":"Adult outcomes of childhood bronchiectasis","volume":"79","author":"Sibanda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Circumpolar Health"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.3866.261","article-title":"Chronic bronchitis and emphysema","volume":"1","author":"Young","year":"1935","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.11.4.302","article-title":"The pathogenesis of bronchial catarrh and of acute and chronic bronchitis","volume":"11","author":"Engel","year":"1958","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.7.3.213","article-title":"A study of the pathology and pathogenesis of bronchiectasis","volume":"7","author":"Whitwell","year":"1952","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B99","first-page":"6","article-title":"Inflammation: a two-edged sword\u2014the model of bronchiectasis","volume":"147","author":"Cole","year":"1986","journal-title":"Eur J Respir Dis Suppl"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/40.suppl_1.5","article-title":"The damaging role of bacteria in chronic lung infection","volume":"40","author":"Cole","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1258\/jrsm.2009.09k036","article-title":"The introduction of \u2018chemotherapy\u2019 using arsphenamine\u2014the first magic bullet","volume":"102","author":"Williams","year":"","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.1997.01.139","article-title":"Antibiotics: past, present, and future. Unearthing nature\u2019s magic bullets","volume":"101","author":"Hoel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.21.2.161","article-title":"The long range effect of antibacterial therapy on pneumonia, empyema, bronchiectasis and pulmonary abscess; an analysis of incidence and mortality in 74,489 admissions to a children\u2019s hospital in twenty years","volume":"21","author":"Kassowitz","year":"1952","journal-title":"Dis Chest"},{"key":"B104","first-page":"648","volume-title":"Diseases of Children (Vol. 1).","author":"Patterson","year":"1947"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/137.4.969","article-title":"Bronchiectasis: update of an orphan disease","volume":"137","author":"Barker","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.10104","article-title":"Bronchiectasis in children: orphan disease or persistent problem?","volume":"33","author":"Callahan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5117.263","article-title":"Chronic bronchitis in industry; an account of a trial of H. influenzae vaccine","volume":"1","author":"Brown","year":"1959","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700660114","article-title":"The mucosal epithelium of the respiratory tract in muco-purulent bronchitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae","volume":"66","author":"Hers","year":"1953","journal-title":"J Pathol Bacteriol"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1952.tb14249.x","article-title":"Studies on the treatment with antibacterial drugs of acute and chronic mucopurulent bronchitis caused by Hemophilus influenzae","volume":"143","author":"Mulder","year":"1952","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4845.1067","article-title":"Chloramphenicol treatment of bronchiectasis in children","volume":"2","author":"Franklin","year":"1953","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1952.00240120083008","article-title":"Antibiotic therapy in infections of the respiratory tract","volume":"90","author":"Barach","year":"1952","journal-title":"AMA Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(48)80150-2","article-title":"Prospects for prevention of chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis; rational management of bronchopulmonary infections by penicillin aerosol therapy","volume":"33","author":"Finke","year":"1948","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(53)90564-9","article-title":"Antibiotics in chronic bronchitis","volume":"265","author":"May","year":"1953","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(57)92244-4","article-title":"Effect of antibiotics on purulent sputum","volume":"273","author":"May","year":"1957","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(56)92245-0","article-title":"Long-term chemotherapy in chronic bronchitis","author":"May","year":"1956","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4981.1457","article-title":"Significance of H. influenzae in bronchiectasis of children","volume":"1","author":"Allibone","year":"1956","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(55)91698-6","article-title":"Chronic bronchitis; an attempt to control chronic infection with Haemophilus influenzae by aerosol therapy","volume":"268","author":"Knox","year":"1955","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1960.82.3.405","article-title":"Long-term treatment with antimicrobials and anti-inflammatory steroids in chronic bronchitis and infectious asthma. Its potential value for rehabilitation and prevention","volume":"82","author":"Finke","year":"1960","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5224.469","article-title":"Control of respiratory infections in children by tetracycline","volume":"1","author":"Wynn-Williams","year":"1961","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5258.979","article-title":"Chemotherapy of bronchitis. Influence of penicillin and tetracycline administered daily, or intermittently for exacerbations. A report to the Research Committee of the British Tuberculosis Association by its Bronchitis Subcommittee","volume":"2","author":"Francis","year":"1961","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5385.728","article-title":"Influence of daily penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and sulphamethoxypyridazine on exacerbations of bronchitis. A report to the research committee of the British Tuberculosis Association","volume":"1","author":"Francis","year":"1964","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5678.265","article-title":"Five-year winter chemoprophylaxis for chronic bronchitis","volume":"4","author":"Johnston","year":"1969","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(55)92597-6","article-title":"Relapse or reinfection in chronic bronchitis?","year":"1955","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/s0007-0971(65)80014-6","article-title":"The bacteriology and chemotherapy of chronic bronchitis","volume":"59","author":"May","year":"1965","journal-title":"Br J Dis Chest"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)74210-3","article-title":"Treatment of staphylococcal infections with penicllin by intermittent sterilisation","volume":"244","author":"Bigger","year":"1944","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-020-00183-3","article-title":"NPJ Who put the film in biofilm? The migration of a term from wastewater engineering to medicine and beyond","volume":"7","author":"Flemming","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9020059","article-title":"Bacterial biofilm and its role in the pathogenesis of disease","volume":"9","author":"Vestby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.1.4.667","article-title":"Bacterial biofilms: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge","volume":"1","author":"Fux","year":"2003","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12686","article-title":"A short history of microbial biofilms and biofilm infections","volume":"125","author":"H\u00f8iby","year":"2017","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3244","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.60.8.3244-3252.1992","article-title":"Interaction of capsulate Haemophilus influenzae with human airway mucosa in vitro","volume":"60","author":"Read","year":"1992","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2011.00001.","article-title":"Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae invasion and persistence in the human respiratory tract","volume":"1","author":"Clementi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B132","first-page":"529","article-title":"Antibiotics in chronic respiratory infections","volume":"1","year":"1953","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B133","first-page":"459","article-title":"Antibiotics in chronic bronchial infection","volume":"2","year":"1957","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(77)90091-9","article-title":"London Air pollution, 1500\u20131900","volume":"11","author":"Brimblecombe","year":"1977","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20190314","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2019.0314","article-title":"A chronology of global air quality","volume":"378","author":"Fowler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(53)91012-5","article-title":"Mortality in the London fog incident, 1952","volume":"1","author":"Logan","year":"1953","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B137","author":"James","year":""},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7257.323.","article-title":"Smoking, smoking cessation, and lung cancer in the UK since 1950: combination of national statistics with two case-control studies","volume":"5","author":"Peto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.14.4.286","article-title":"Terminology, definitions, and classification of chronic pulmonary emphysema and related conditions","volume":"14","year":"1959","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1962.86.6.850","article-title":"Diagnostic standardization in geographic comparisons of morbidity","volume":"86","author":"Reid","year":"1962","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5370.1425","article-title":"Meaning of diagnostic terms in broncho-pulmonary disease","volume":"2","author":"Scadding","year":"1963","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3132\/pcrj.2007.00017","article-title":"Inhalation therapy: an historical review","volume":"16","author":"Sanders","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prim Care Respir J"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(58)91385-0","article-title":"Treatment of chronic asthma with prednisolone; significance of eosinophils in the sputum","volume":"2","author":"Brown","year":"1958","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210081","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0081-2021","article-title":"Exploring the 175-year history of spirometry and the vital lessons it can teach US today","volume":"30","author":"Kouri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"B145","first-page":"762","article-title":"Definitions and classification of chronic bronchitis, asthma, and pulmonary emphysema","volume":"85","year":"1962","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(65)92953-3","article-title":"Definition and classification of chronic bronchitis for clinical and epidemiological purposes. A report to the medical research council by their committee on the aetiology of chronic bronchitis","volume":"1","year":"1965","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5370.1453","article-title":"Antibiotics and chronic bronchitis","volume":"2","author":"Garrod","year":"1963","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2012.03.003","article-title":"\u2018Reccurent lower respiratory tract infections\u2019\u2014going around in circles respiratory medicine style","volume":"13","author":"Everard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Respir Rev"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2012-302760","article-title":"Protracted bacterial bronchitis: reinventing an old disease","volume":"98","author":"Craven","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2017.00019","article-title":"Persistent and recurrent bacterial bronchitis\u2014a paradigm shift in our understanding of chronic respiratory disease","volume":"5","author":"Ishak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Pediatric Pulmonol"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1985.02140090019016","article-title":"Characteristics of children with endoscopically proved chronic bronchitis","volume":"139","author":"Smith","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"B152","first-page":"295","article-title":"Suppurative lung disease","volume-title":"Respiratory Illness in Children","author":"Phelan","year":"1994"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10020342","article-title":"Chronic cough and wheeze in children: do they all have asthma?","volume":"10","author":"Seear","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.2000.16f15.x","article-title":"Chronic cough in children: bronchoalveolar lavage findings","volume":"16","author":"Fitch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B155","first-page":"A","article-title":"Chronic suppurative lung disease as a cause of \u2018difficult asthma\u2019 in paediatric patients","author":"Donnelly","year":"2005","journal-title":"ERJ"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.129.5.1132","article-title":"Evaluation and outcome of young children with chronic cough","volume":"129","author":"Marchant","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2006.058933","article-title":"Outcomes in children treated for persistent bacterial bronchitis","volume":"61","author":"Donnelly","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir235","article-title":"Microbiology of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in children with acute nonresponding or recurrent community-acquired pneumonia: identification of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae as a major pathogen","volume":"52","author":"De Schutter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00035111","article-title":"Malacia, inflammation and bronchoalveolar lavage culture in children with persistent respiratory symptoms","volume":"39","author":"De Baets","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-307284","article-title":"Outcomes in children with protracted bacterial bronchitis confirmed by bronchoscopy","volume":"100","author":"Pritchard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-3050","article-title":"Bronchoscopic and high-resolution CT scan findings in children with chronic wet cough","volume":"140","author":"Douros","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2010.10.008","article-title":"Diagnosing and preventing chronic suppurative lung disease (CSLD) and bronchiectasis","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Resp Rev"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0190075","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190075","article-title":"The lung microbiome in healthy children and those with persistent bacterial bronchitis\u2014a change in diversity and density","volume":"12","author":"Cuthbertson","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2007.077370","article-title":"Recommendations for the assessment and management of cough in children","volume":"63","author":"Shields","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602139","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02139-2016","article-title":"ERS task force: protracted bacterial bronchitis in children","volume":"50","author":"Kantar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00093-0","article-title":"Bronchiectasis in Europe: data on disease characteristics from the European bronchiectasis registry (EMBARC)","volume":"11","author":"Chalmers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.52.12.1081","article-title":"Health effects of passive smoking. 3. Parental smoking and prevalence of respiratory symptoms and asthma in school age children","volume":"52","author":"Cook","year":"1997","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13483","article-title":"Idiopathic chronic productive cough and response to open-label macrolide therapy: an observational study","volume":"24","author":"Martin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/LBR.0000000000000629","article-title":"Bronchoscopy for chronic unexplained cough: use of biopsies and cultures increase diagnostic yield","volume":"27","author":"Heching","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12299","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of protracted bacterial bronchitis in adults","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.293.6557.1271","article-title":"Childhood respiratory infection and adult chronic bronchitis in England and Wales","volume":"293","author":"Barker","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/151.5_Pt_1.1649","article-title":"Do lower respiratory tract infections in early childhood cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?","volume":"151","author":"Shaheen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.112136","article-title":"Early life origins of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"65","author":"Svanes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00131-9","article-title":"Early childhood lower respiratory tract infection and premature adult death from respiratory disease in Great Britain: a national birth cohort study","volume":"401","author":"Allinson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001212","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2022-001212","article-title":"Childhood \u2018bronchitis\u2019 and respiratory outcomes in middle-age: a prospective cohort study from age 7 to 53 years","volume":"9","author":"Perret","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open Respir Res"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.601","article-title":"Trends in primary care antibiotic prescribing in England 1994\u20131998","volume":"10","author":"Unsworth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-0623","article-title":"Bacterial bronchitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and nontypable Haemophilus influenzae in children: the impact of vaccination","volume":"143","author":"Priftis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-201506","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of amoxycillin clavulanate in children with chronic wet cough","volume":"67","author":"Marchant","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000375","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2018-000375","article-title":"\u2018Dry\u2019 and \u2018wet\u2019 cough\u2014how reliable is parental reporting?","volume":"6","author":"Donnelly","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open Respir Res"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711134","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.711134","article-title":"Bacterial signatures of paediatric respiratory disease: an individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Broderick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201312-456OC","article-title":"Three clinically distinct chronic pediatric airway infections share a common core microbiota","volume":"11","author":"van der Gast","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"B182","volume-title":"Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease","author":"Cotran","year":"1999"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021115-105238","article-title":"The microbiome and the respiratory tract","volume":"78","author":"Dickson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.00528","article-title":"Human respiratory and gut microbiomes-do they really contribute to respiratory health?","volume":"8","author":"Durack","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L1047","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00279.2015","article-title":"Homeostasis and its disruption in the lung microbiome","volume":"309","author":"Dickson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02287","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02287-16","article-title":"Bacterial topography of the healthy human lower respiratory tract","volume":"8","author":"Dickson","year":"2017","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2023.04.006","article-title":"Ecology of the respiratory tract microbiome","volume":"31","author":"P\u00e9rez-Cobas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.111.5.1266","article-title":"Quantitative aspiration during sleep in normal subjects","volume":"111","author":"Gleeson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(78)90574-0","article-title":"Pharyngeal aspiration in normal adults and patients with depressed consciousness","volume":"64","author":"Huxley","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.48.3.287","article-title":"Effect of oral bronchodilators on lung mucociliary clearance during sleep in patients with asthma","volume":"48","author":"Hasani","year":"1993","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21011","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in the respiratory tract of cystic fibrosis patients","volume":"44","author":"Bjarnsholt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"v","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201206-1130ED","article-title":"A pathologist\u2019s view of airway obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"186","author":"Hogg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30196-6","article-title":"Small airways disease in mild and moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cross-sectional study","volume":"6","author":"Koo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802166","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02166-2018","article-title":"Airway morphometry in COPD with bronchiectasis: a view on all airway generations","volume":"54","author":"Everaerts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.2065","article-title":"Airway-occluding mucus plugs and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"329","author":"Diaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202209-1795CI","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of suspected chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations in the acute care setting: best practice","volume":"207","author":"Celli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S121","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181b6d7ec","article-title":"Microbial interactions in the respiratory tract","volume":"28","author":"Murphy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969326","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.969326","article-title":"Biofilm aggregates and the host airway-microbial interface","volume":"12","author":"Hall-Stoodley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb","article-title":"Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae biofilms: role in chronic airway infections","volume":"2","author":"Swords","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S245819","article-title":"COPD-related modification to the airway epithelium permits intracellular residence of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae and may be potentiated by macrolide arrest of autophagy","volume":"15","author":"Poh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2012.03.001","article-title":"Bacterial biofilms in the upper airway\u2014evidence for role in pathology and implications for treatment of otitis media","volume":"13","author":"Bakaletz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev"},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-019-0658-9","article-title":"Biofilm formations in pediatric respiratory tract infection: part 1: biofilm structure, role of innate immunity in protection against and response to biofilm, methods of biofilm detection, pediatric respiratory tract diseases associated with mucosal biofilm formation","volume":"21","author":"Hamilos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit289","article-title":"Mixed pneumococcal nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae otitis media is a distinct clinical entity with unique epidemiologic characteristics and pneumococcal serotype distribution","volume":"208","author":"Dagan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00311","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in pulmonary diseases: too much of a good thing?","volume":"7","author":"Porto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13419","article-title":"Our evolving view of neutrophils in defining the pathology of chronic lung disease","volume":"164","author":"Mincham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5034","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24055034","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in airway diseases: pathological roles and therapeutic implications","volume":"24","author":"Jo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00660-10","article-title":"Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae initiates formation of neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"79","author":"Juneau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.00218","article-title":"The \u2019snotty lung\u2019\u2014why it causes so much confusion (or time to say goodbye to bronchiolitis, viral wheeze, reactive airways disease, wheeze bronchitis and all that)","volume":"8","author":"Duros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Ped Pulmonol"},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2009.01627.x","article-title":"Respiratory viral infection in lower airways of asymptomatic children","volume":"99","author":"Thavagnanam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3209","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25067","article-title":"High levels of inherent variability in microbiological assessment of bronchoalveolar lavage samples from children with persistent bacterial bronchitis and healthy controls","volume":"55","author":"Craven","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201503-0474ST","article-title":"Official American Thoracic Society technical standards: flexible airway endoscopy in children","volume":"191","author":"Faro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-017-3044-3","article-title":"Bacteria from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from children with suspected chronic lower respiratory tract infection: results from a multi-center, cross-sectional study in Spain","volume":"177","author":"Escribano Montaner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e215","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00300-1","article-title":"Prevalence and subtyping of biofilms present in bronchoalveolar lavage from children with protracted bacterial bronchitis or non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a cross-sectional study","volume":"3","author":"Marsh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e647","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00188-4","article-title":"We should not underestimate role of biofilms in a persistent\/chronic bronchitis","volume":"3","author":"Everard","year":"2022","journal-title":"LancetMicrobe"},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.42","article-title":"Persistent bacterial infections and persister cells","volume":"15","author":"Fisher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20220129","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2022.0129","article-title":"Integrative biology of persister cell formation: molecular circuitry, phenotypic diversification and fitness effects","volume":"19","author":"Berkvens","year":"2022","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2019-317917","article-title":"Duration of initial antibiotic course is associated with recurrent relapse in protracted bacterial bronchitis","volume":"105","author":"Gross-Hodge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00104-1","article-title":"Duration of amoxicillin-clavulanate for protracted bacterial bronchitis in children (DACS): a multi-centre, double blind, randomised controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Ruffles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001335","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2022-001335","article-title":"Impact of prophylactic and \u2018rescue pack\u2019 antibiotics on the airway microbiome in chronic lung disease","volume":"10","author":"Rofael","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open Respir Res"},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2018.08.002","article-title":"The child with an incessant dry cough","volume":"30","author":"Galway","year":"2019","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev"},{"key":"B221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300239","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00239-2023","article-title":"Global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease 2023 report: GOLD executive summary","volume":"61","author":"Agust\u00ed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01273-9","article-title":"Towards the elimination of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a Lancet Commission","volume":"400","author":"Stolz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-2240","article-title":"Chronic bronchitis is associated with worse symptoms and quality of life than chronic airflow obstruction","volume":"148","author":"Meek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.14479","article-title":"Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand (TSANZ) position statement on chronic suppurative lung disease and bronchiectasis in children, adolescents and adults in Australia and New Zealand","volume":"28","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"B225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0386022","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03860-22","article-title":"Genetic adaptation and acquisition of macrolide resistance in Haemophilus spp. During persistent respiratory tract colonization in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients receiving long-term azithromycin treatment","volume":"11","author":"Carrera-Salinas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"B226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26446","article-title":"Pathogenesis of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae infections in chronic suppurative lung disease","volume":"58","author":"Chatziparasidis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"B227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120768","article-title":"Pulmonary biofilm-based chronic infections and inhaled treatment strategies","volume":"604","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"B228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020245","article-title":"Ecology and evolutionary biology of hindering phage therapy: the phage tolerance vs. phage resistance of bacterial biofilms","volume":"12","author":"Abedon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"B229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61303-9","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in non-smokers","volume":"374","author":"Salvi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2024.1391290\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T19:08:12Z","timestamp":1718132892000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2024.1391290\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]]},"references-count":229,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2024.1391290"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2024.1391290","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]]},"article-number":"1391290"}}