{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T11:47:49Z","timestamp":1788349669939,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is significant uncertainty regarding the role that anaemia or red blood cell transfusion (RBCT) plays in the development of gut injury in preterm infants. This study evaluated Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) together with a range of known biomarkers of gut inflammation to identify their relationship with anaemia and RBCT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A prospective observational study of preterm infants born at &amp;lt;30 weeks gestation was conducted from birth until either 36 weeks post conceptional age or discharge home. Gut perfusion and biomarkers of gut injury were assessed weekly by: 60\u2005min NIRS measurements (splanchnic tissue oxygenation index [sTOI] and fractional tissue oxygenation extraction [sFTOE]); stool calprotectin; urine intestinal and liver fatty acid binding proteins (I-FABPs and L-FABPs); and trefoil factor 3 (TFF-3). Exclusion criteria included Fetal Growth Restriction (FGR), and abnormal antenatal Dopplers. Haemoglobin (Hb) levels were measured in parallel with NIRS measurements. NIRS, together with urine and stool biomarkers of gut injury, were evaluated up to 72\u2005h pre\/post RBCT and pre\/post measurements compared.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty-eight infants were studied. Median (range) gestational age was 26\u2009<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u2009<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> (23\u2009<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u2009<jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup> to 29\u2009<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u2009<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>) weeks and birthweight 883.5\u2005g (460\u20131,600). Seven (14.6%) infants developed\u2009\u2265\u2009Bells stage 2 NEC. 28 (58.3%), 5 (10.4%) and 24 (50%) infants had ECHO confirmed PDA, haemorrhagic parenchymal infarct (HPI) and IVH respectively. There were 22 episodes of sepsis. Infants were in the study for a median of 7.3 (1\u201313) weeks. There was no significant association between Hb divided into three categories (&amp;lt;80 g\/L, 80\u2013111.9 g\/L and \u2265120 g\/L) or continuous values and sTOI, sFTOE or any of the gut injury biomarkers measured (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.05). 283 RBCTs were administered; 117 (41.3%) within the first two weeks of life. Pre and post blood transfusion changes in splanchnic NIRS oxygenation, urine and stool gut injury biomarkers were measured in 165, 195 and 175 episodes of RBCT respectively. There was no significant post RBCT changes in splanchnic NIRS or gut injury biomarker levels (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.05). However, post RBCT calprotectin was significantly reduced during the first 14 days of life (mean difference \u2212114%, CI \u2212185 to \u221242 &amp;amp; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> 0.002).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was no association between anaemia or RBCT with NIRS measurements of tissue oxygen saturation and biomarkers of intestinal inflammation or gut injury in preterm infants enrolled in this study. Further studies with standardised methods of examining the relationship between anaemia, RBCT and gut injury are needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1440537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T04:53:02Z","timestamp":1732251182000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The effect of haemoglobin and blood transfusion on preterm infant gut perfusion and injury"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Claire","family":"Howarth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Mifsud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayanta","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Eaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terence","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Fleming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narendra","family":"Aladangady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2020.02.046","article-title":"Trends in incidence and outcomes of necrotizing enterocolitis over the last 12 years: a multicenter cohort analysis","volume":"55","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1159\/000486584","article-title":"Red blood cell transfusion in preterm infants: current evidence and controversies","volume":"114","author":"Howarth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)93304-8","article-title":"Breast milk and neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"336","author":"Lucas","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2015.73","article-title":"Red blood cell transfusions increase fecal calprotectin levels in premature infants","volume":"35","author":"Ho","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-951300","article-title":"Association of necrotizing enterocolitis with elective packed red blood cell transfusions in stable, growing, premature neonates","volume":"23","author":"Mally","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2650","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12158","article-title":"Red blood cell transfusion \u2013related necrotising enterocolitis in very low birthweight infants: a near infrared spectroscopy investigation","volume":"53","author":"Marin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.05.054","article-title":"Do red cell transfusions increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants?","volume":"157","author":"Josephson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2017-0162","article-title":"Transfusion-associated necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants: an updated meta-analysis of observational data","volume":"46","author":"Garg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2014.59","article-title":"Packed red blood cell transfusion is not associated with increased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants","volume":"34","author":"Sharma","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.06.012","article-title":"Red blood cell transfusion is not associated with necrotizing enterocolitis: a review of consecutive transfusions in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"165","author":"Wallenstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"509","article-title":"Are packed red blood cell transfusions protective against late onset necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants","volume":"2011","author":"Harsono","year":"2011","journal-title":"E-PAS"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e249643","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.9643","article-title":"Timing of red blood cell transfusions and occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis: a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"7","author":"Salas","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA network Oopen"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2015.1016422","article-title":"Decreased hazard of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm neonates receiving red cell transfusions","volume":"29","author":"Sood","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.2119\/2007-00032.Guneli","article-title":"Erythropoietin protects the intestine against ischemia\/reperfusion injry in rats","volume":"13","author":"Guneli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12123","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.154625","article-title":"Erythropoietin protects intestinal epithelial barrier function and lowers the incidence of experimental necrotizing enterocoloitis","volume":"8","author":"Shiou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1159\/000073642","article-title":"Erythropoietin protects against necrotizing enterocolitis of newborn rats by the inhibiting nitric oxide formation","volume":"84","author":"Kumral","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol Neonate"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.1204","article-title":"Association of red blood cell transfusion, anemia, and necrotizing enterocolitis in very low-birth-weight infants","volume":"315","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(00)90006-X","article-title":"Erythropoietin and the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in infants with vey low birth weight","volume":"35","author":"Ledbetter","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3199","article-title":"Study on the inflammatory intervention of erythropoietin on nec","volume":"11","author":"Qi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02459-w","article-title":"Erythropoietin prevents necrotizing enterocolitis in very preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2872","article-title":"Transfusion associated necrotizing enterocolitis: a meta-analysis of observational data","volume":"129","author":"Mohamed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2016.09.021","article-title":"Should we believe in transfusion-associated enterocolitis? Applying a grade to the literature","volume":"41","author":"Hay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5727312","article-title":"Urinary intestinal fatty acid-binding protein can distinguish necrotizing enterocolitis from sepsis in early stage of the disease","volume":"216","author":"Coufal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.128934","article-title":"Urine based detection of intestinal mucosal damage in neonates with suspected necrotising enterocolitis","volume":"56","author":"Derikx","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(99)90102-1","article-title":"Plasma intestinal fatty acid binding protein in neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis: a pilot study","volume":"34","author":"Edelson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B26","first-page":"545","article-title":"Intestinal fatty acid binding protein in serum and urine reflects early ischemic injury to the small bowel","volume":"113","author":"Gollin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1159\/000362497","article-title":"Early detection of impending necrotizing enterocolitis with urinary intestinal fatty acid-binding protein","volume":"106","author":"Gollin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020508420058","article-title":"Plasma concentration of intestinal- and liver-fabp in neonates suffering from necrotizing enterocolitis and in healthy preterm neonates","volume":"239","author":"Guthmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2014.11.037","article-title":"Intestinal fatty acid-binding protein levels in necrotizing enterocolitis correlate with extent of necrotic bowel: results from a multicenter study","volume":"50","author":"Heida","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B30","first-page":"1289","article-title":"Significance of dynamic evolution of Tnf-\u0391, Il-6 and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein levels in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121336","article-title":"Intestinal fatty acid-binding protein as a diagnostic marker for complicated and uncomplicated necrotizing enterocolitis: a prospective cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Schurink","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-016-2144-9","article-title":"Diagnostic value of intestinal fatty-acid-binding protein in necrotizing enterocolitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"83","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2013.09.002","article-title":"Biomarkers of necrotising enterocolitis","volume":"19","author":"Ng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2018.07.006","article-title":"An update on biomarkers of necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"23","author":"Ng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2018.04.034","article-title":"Recombinant human trefoil factor 3 ameliorates bowel injury: its anti-inflammatory effect on experimental necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"634135","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Pept"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-4847.128721","article-title":"Stool calprotectin in necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"3","author":"Albanna","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Neonatol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2012.684172","article-title":"Fecal calprotectin levels are increased in infants with necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"25","author":"Aydemir","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1384640","article-title":"Rapid fecal calprotectin (fc) analysis: point of care testing for diagnosing early necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"32","author":"Bin-Nun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2016.105","article-title":"Elevated fecal calprotectin levels during necrotizing enterocolitis are associated with activated neutrophils extruding neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"36","author":"MacQueen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2014.57.8.351","article-title":"Fecal calprotectin concentration in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"57","author":"Yoon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J Pediatr"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.7754\/clin.lab.2015","article-title":"Diagnostic value of fecal calprotectin in preterm infants with necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"62","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Lab"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i3","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aep299","article-title":"Near-Infrared spectroscopy as an Index of brain and tissue oxygenation","volume":"103","author":"Murkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12670","article-title":"Biomarkers to decide red blood cell transfusion in newborn infants","volume":"54","author":"Banerjee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12359","article-title":"Assessment of red blood cell transfusion and transfusion duration on cerebral and mesenteric oxygenation using near-infrared spectroscopy in preterm infants with symptomatic Anemia","volume":"54","author":"Sandal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1255\/jnirs.1135","article-title":"Near infrared spectroscopy as a biomarker for necrotizing enterocolitis following red blood cell transfusion","volume":"22","author":"Sood","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Near InfraRed Spectrosc"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1326988","article-title":"Ethnic and racial disparities in the risk of preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Schaaf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.4402","article-title":"Differences in morbidity and mortality rates in black, white, and hispanic very preterm infants among New York City Hospitals","volume":"172","author":"Howell","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20191106","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-1106","article-title":"Racial and ethnic differences over time in outcomes of infants born less than 30 Weeks\u2019 gestation","volume":"144","author":"Boghossian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.2029","article-title":"Association of race\/ethnicity with very preterm neonatal morbidities","volume":"172","author":"Janevic","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1026","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic differences in preterm perinatal outcomes","volume":"216","author":"Wallace","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2008.09.004","article-title":"Racial disparity in low birth weight and infant mortality","volume":"36","author":"Collins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"B52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Understanding racial and ethnic disparities in U.S. Infant mortality rates","volume":"74","author":"MacDorman","year":"2011","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e3181ac52b2","article-title":"The association of hemodilution and transfusion of red blood cells with biochemical markers of splanchnic and renal injury during cardiopulmonary bypass","volume":"109","author":"Huybregts","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1159\/000356704","article-title":"Measuring physiological changes during the transition to life after birth","volume":"105","author":"Van Vonderen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1097\/ANC.0b013e31825e20ee","article-title":"Transfusion-Associated necrotizing enterocolitis: evidence and uncertainty","volume":"12","author":"Gephart","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv Neonatal Care"},{"key":"B56","article-title":"Report on the expert meeting on neonatal and paediatric sepsis","year":"2010"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1247598","article-title":"Packed red blood cell transfusion increases regional cerebral and splanchnic tissue oxygen saturation in anemic symptomatic preterm infants","volume":"27","author":"Bailey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.10.030","article-title":"Association between red blood cell transfusions and necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"158","author":"Christensen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F10","DOI":"10.1136\/fetalneonatal-2011-301282","article-title":"Transfusion-associated necrotising enterocolitis in neonates","volume":"98","author":"Stritzke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F352","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2009.163592","article-title":"Cerebral tissue oxygen saturation and extraction in preterm infants before and after blood transfusion","volume":"95","author":"van Hoften","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2009.02575.x","article-title":"Blood transfusions increase cerebral, splanchnic, and renal oxygenation in anemic preterm infants","volume":"50","author":"Dani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.13434","article-title":"Effect of blood transfusion on intestinal blood flow and oxygenation in extremely preterm infants during first week of life","volume":"56","author":"Banerjee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12436","article-title":"Blood transfusion in preterm infants improves intestinal tissue oxygenation without alteration in blood flow","volume":"111","author":"Banerjee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1139\/h04-031","article-title":"Principles, techniques and limitations of nirs","volume":"29","author":"Ferrari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0271563","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271563","article-title":"Hierarchical improvement of regional tissue oxygenation after packed red blood cell transfusion","volume":"17","author":"Balegar","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.14378","article-title":"Effects of blood transfusion on regional tissue oxygenation in preterm newborns are dependent on the degree of anaemia","volume":"55","author":"Aktas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181d778c4","article-title":"Non-invasive markers for early diagnosis and determination of the severity of necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"251","author":"Thuijls","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v110.pm8566578","article-title":"Intestinal fatty acid-binding protein is a useful diagnostic marker for mesenteric infarction in humans","volume":"110","author":"Kanda","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B69","first-page":"7394","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factor -1 aplha is an intrinsic marker for hypoxia in cervical cancer xenografts","volume":"15","author":"Vukovic","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Association for Cancer Research"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e318288ea96","article-title":"Gut-Associated biomarkers L-fabp, I-fabp, and Tff3 and lit score for diagnosis of surgical necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants","volume":"258","author":"Ng E","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15254","article-title":"Anemia induces gut inflammation and injury in an animal model of preterm infants","volume":"59","author":"Arthur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2795176","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2795176","article-title":"Bowel ischemia in icu patients: diagnostic value of I-fabp Depends on the interval to the triggering event","volume":"2017","author":"Ludewig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res Pract"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.14080","article-title":"Red blood cell transfusions can induce proinflammatory cytokines in preterm infants","volume":"57","author":"Dani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2011.03100.x","article-title":"Storage lesion: role of red blood cell breakdown","volume":"51","author":"Kim-Shapiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.14233","article-title":"Guidelines on transfusion for fetuses, neonates and older children","volume":"175","author":"New","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11083","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011083","article-title":"Fecal calprotectin excretion in preterm infants during the neonatal period","volume":"5","author":"Rouge","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1097\/NR9.0000000000000006","article-title":"Trends of fecal calprotectin levels and associations with early life experience in preterm infants","volume":"1","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Interdisciplinary Nursing Research"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.10690","article-title":"Effects of liberal vs restrictive transfusion thresholds on survival and neurocognitive outcomes in extremely low-birth-weight infants: the ettno randomized clinical trial","volume":"324","author":"Franz","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2020248","article-title":"Higher or lower hemoglobin transfusion thresholds for preterm infants","volume":"383","author":"Kirpalani","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2010.511335","article-title":"Non invasive evaluation of splanchnic tissue oxygenation using near-infrared spectroscopy in preterm neonates","volume":"24","author":"Cortez","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2010.71","article-title":"Normal cerebral, renal and abdominal regional oxygen saturations using near-infrared spectroscopy in preterm infants","volume":"31","author":"McNeill","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01027-2","article-title":"Probiotics in Preterm Infants Study Collaborative Group. Bifidobacteriu, Breve bbg-001 in very preterm infants: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"387","author":"Costeloe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F189","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.87.3.F189","article-title":"Cerebral tissue oxygenation Index in very premature infants","volume":"87","author":"Naulaers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2011.145","article-title":"Near-Infrared spectroscopy assessment of cerebral oxygen metabolism in the developing premature brain","volume":"32","author":"Roche-Labarbe","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3181f2bd4d","article-title":"Changes in cerebral perfusion in extremely lbw infants during the first 72 H after birth","volume":"68","author":"Takami","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2015.10.017","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow and oximetry response to blood transfusion in relation to chronological age in preterm infants","volume":"97","author":"Banerjee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-320495","article-title":"Red cell transfusion thresholds for preterm infants: finally some answers","volume":"107","author":"Bell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2024.1440537\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T04:53:08Z","timestamp":1732251188000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2024.1440537\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"references-count":87,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2024.1440537"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2024.1440537","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"article-number":"1440537"}}