{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T11:57:33Z","timestamp":1780401453107,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The association between 25-hydroxy-vitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and glycemic control in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between 25(OH)D levels and glycemic control in Saudi pediatric patients' with T1DM in a region that is sunny year-round.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective study was conducted in the Pediatric Department of King Saud Hospital in Unaizah, Saudi Arabia. A total of 218 children with T1DM were enrolled in the study and grouped according to their glycated hemoglobin (HbA<jats:sub>1C<\/jats:sub>) levels into the controlled T1DM (HbA<jats:sub>1C<\/jats:sub>\u2009\u2264\u20097.5%) and the uncontrolled T1DM (HbA<jats:sub>1C<\/jats:sub>\u2009&amp;gt;\u20097.5%). Their 25(OH)D levels and thyroid function were measured using standard methods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 218 children in this study, 182 (83.5%) had uncontrolled T1DM, while only 36 (16.5%) had controlled T1DM. The median (interquartile range) of 25(OH)D levels was significantly lower in the uncontrolled T1DM group compared with the controlled group [45.4 (31.2\u201359.7)\u2005nmol\/L vs. 56.1 (37.5\u201377.6)\u2005nmol\/L; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.007], respectively. Vitamin D deficiency (&amp;lt;50.0\u2005nmol\/L) and insufficiency (50\u201374\u2005nmol\/L) were detected in 55.0% and 31.1% of all the enrolled children, respectively. Vitamin D deficiency was detected in 86.6% of the uncontrolled T1DM patients and in 16.5% of the controlled T1DM patients (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.012). The multivariable analysis showed that both vitamin D deficiency [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)\u2009=\u20092.92, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.048] and insufficiency [aOR\u2009=\u20093.17, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.042] were risk factors for uncontrolled diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency was highly prevalent in the studied group. Both vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are associated with uncontrolled T1DM. Further study is needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1479815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T06:56:03Z","timestamp":1736232963000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Association of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency with uncontrolled type 1 diabetes Mellitus among Saudi pediatric patients; a hospital-based retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Salman","family":"Almansour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullrahman","family":"Alsalamah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Almutlaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamdan Z.","family":"Hamdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Al-Nafeesah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashwaq","family":"AlEed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ishag","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osama","family":"Al-Wutayd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13101736","article-title":"Islet autoantibodies to pancreatic insulin-producing Beta cells in adolescent and adults with type 1 diabetes Mellitus: a cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpam.2019.05.008","article-title":"Pediatric diabetes in Saudi Arabia: challenges and potential solutions. 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