{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T20:15:07Z","timestamp":1778703307327,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To analyze the prevalence of myopia among children and adolescents in Chengdu from 2021 to 2023, providing insights for myopia prevention and control.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study was a school-based cross-sectional study in children and adolescents aged 3\u201318 years in Hi-tech District of Chengdu City. All the students underwent comprehensive ocular measurement, including uncorrected binocular visual acuity (VA), spherical equivalent error (SER) with noncycloplegic autorefraction, corneal radius (CR), and axial length (AL).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over the three-year study period from 2021 to 2023, the overall prevalence of myopia was 38.15%, with annual rates of 38.74% in 2021, 38.67% in 2022, and 37.03% in 2023. The prevalence and severity of myopia increased significantly with age (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). The prevalence was consistently higher among girls (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) with 40.17% in 2021, 39.43% in 2022, and 38.33% in 2023 compared to 37.03%, 38.05% and 35.85% among boys in the years, respectively. The myopia prevalence increased with school level (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). Mild myopia was the most common (24.47%), followed by moderate (10.77%) and severe myopia (2.91%). The mean SER were \u22121.72\u2009\u00b1\u20091.57 D in 2021, \u22121.32\u2009\u00b1\u20091.51 D in 2022, and \u22121.42\u2009\u00b1\u20091.36 D in 2023 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). AL was stable across most age groups, with mean AL across the overall sample of 23.80\u2009\u00b1\u20091.02\u2005mm in 2021, 23.79\u2009\u00b1\u20091.04\u2005mm in 2022, and 23.81\u2009\u00b1\u20091.04\u2005mm in 2023.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Myopic prevalence among children and adolescents in Hi-tech District of Chengdu City decreased from 2021 to 2023. The prevalence increased with age and school level, indicating a need for targeted interventions. Significant changes in spherical equivalent refraction and AL emphasize the importance of early intervention and regular monitoring of myopia for an effective management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1502660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T04:11:26Z","timestamp":1738555886000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prevalence of myopia and refractive parameters among children and adolescents in Hi-tech District of Chengdu City"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xiaoqin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liuzhi","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiping","family":"Xian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingqing","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiye","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lixia","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yifeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kejian","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xixi","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changjiang","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueni","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Honglin","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zejun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000234","article-title":"Epidemiology of pathologic myopia in Asia and worldwide","volume":"5","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila)"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12945","article-title":"Time spent outdoors as an intervention for myopia prevention and control in children: an overview of systematic reviews","volume":"42","author":"Dhakal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.7.23","article-title":"Impact of area-level socioeconomic and environmental measures on reduced visual acuity among children and adolescents","volume":"64","author":"Kai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3911","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-023-02777-0","article-title":"Comparison of myopia progression among Chinese schoolchildren before and during COVID-19 pandemic: a meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2023.100493","article-title":"Myopia progression in children during home confinement in the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Laan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Optom"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-021-02071-6","article-title":"Prevalence of myopia in 3\u201314-year-old Chinese children: a school-based cross-sectional study in Chengdu","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924566","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.924566","article-title":"Prevalence of myopia: a large-scale population-based study among children and adolescents in Weifang, China","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239158","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1239158","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of myopia among school students in Shenyang, China: a cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161329","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1161329","article-title":"Myopia among children and adolescents: an epidemiological study in Fuzhou city","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-023-00991-y","article-title":"Epidemiological investigation of the status of myopia in children and adolescents in Fujian Province in 2020","volume":"67","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992784","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.992784","article-title":"Myopia and axial length in school-aged children before, during, and after the COVID-19 lockdown-A population-based study","volume":"10","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19113-5","article-title":"The association between screen time exposure and myopia in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Zong","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.12.6","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in axial length and spherical equivalent in children and adolescents with high myopia","volume":"64","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e111766","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111766","article-title":"Axial length\/corneal radius ratio: association with refractive state and role on myopia detection combined with visual acuity in Chinese schoolchildren","volume":"10","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18644","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23409-0","article-title":"Ocular biometrics and uncorrected visual acuity for detecting myopia in Chinese school students","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000487","article-title":"How to conduct school myopia screening: comparison among myopia screening tests and determination of associated cutoffs","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila)"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M20","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25957","article-title":"IMI\u2014defining and classifying myopia: a proposed set of standards for clinical and epidemiologic studies","volume":"60","author":"Flitcroft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10061215","article-title":"The Sankara Nethralaya Tamil Nadu Essilor Myopia (STEM) study-defining a threshold for non-cycloplegic myopia prevalence in children","volume":"10","author":"Gopalakrishnan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12980","article-title":"Refractive status and prevalence of myopia among Chinese primary school students","volume":"103","author":"Thorn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345740","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1345740","article-title":"Exploring the impact of workload, organizational support, and work engagement on teachers' Psychological wellbeing: a structural equation modeling approach","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.5.3","article-title":"IMI risk factors for myopia","volume":"62","author":"Morgan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2024.1502660\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T04:11:33Z","timestamp":1738555893000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2024.1502660\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"references-count":22,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2024.1502660"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2024.1502660","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"article-number":"1502660"}}