{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T12:23:20Z","timestamp":1769948600501,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Primary lymphedema (PLE) and kaposiform hemangioendothelioma-related lymphedema (KLE) are rare vascular anomalies (VAs). This study aimed to examine the clinical features, management, and prognosis of PLE and KLE.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>The clinical features, imaging, treatments, and outcomes of 12 patients with PLE and 12 patients with KLE were retrospectively reviewed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean age at which signs\/symptoms were diagnosed was 68.2 months for PLE patients and 25 months for KLE patients. In PLE, the involvement of multiple sites is common, whereas in KLE, it typically affects a single site. Morbid obesity, which is common in adult patients, is rare in pediatric PLE and KLE patients. Imaging agent accumulation was observed in KLE but not in PLE via lymphoscintigraphy. In contrast, complications of PLE primarily involve skin and soft tissue, whereas musculoskeletal system complications are more common in KLE. Regarding prognosis, most patients stabilize or even experience lesion regression after standard treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>PLE and KLE share clinical symptoms. PLE often involves multiple sites, whereas KLE typically presents unilaterally with local lymphatic stasis. Standardized treatment enables the majority of children with lymphedema to control the disease without progression, with KLE showing potential reversibility. Given their rarity, a multidisciplinary approach is crucial for diagnosis and management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2025.1480213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T16:23:22Z","timestamp":1739550202000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Similarities and differences in the clinical features and management of primary lymphedema and kaposiform hemangioendothelioma associated with lymphedema in children"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yujia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Congxia","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiangyuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zixin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuru","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuepeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siyuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.03.022","article-title":"Lymphedema: pathophysiology and clinical manifestations","volume":"77","author":"Grada","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00006.2020","article-title":"Development and physiological functions of the lymphatic system: insights from human genetic studies of primary lymphedema","volume":"101","author":"Martin-Almedina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.121.318307","article-title":"Advances in lymphedema","volume":"128","author":"Rockson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e318213a218","article-title":"Primary lymphedema: clinical features and management in 138 pediatric patients","volume":"127","author":"Schook","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-020-01595-2","article-title":"Chronic lymphedema in patients with kaposiform hemangioendothelioma: incidence, clinical features, risk factors and management","volume":"15","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-020-1320-1","article-title":"Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma: current knowledge and future perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.13557","article-title":"Recent advances in the pathobiology and management of Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon","volume":"171","author":"O'Rafferty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Hematol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199304000-00001","article-title":"Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma of infancy and childhood. 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