{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:16:20Z","timestamp":1786666580222,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children who are HIV-exposed uninfected (CHEU) are at increased risk for neurodevelopmental impairments. Most studies report on neurodevelopmental outcomes in the first 2 years of life, with limited data available for school-aged CHEU. This interim study examined the intellectual and language outcomes in school-aged CHEU compared to children who are HIV-unexposed uninfected (CHUU).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>CHEU and CHUU aged 6\u201310 years recruited at two sites in Ontario, Canada.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intellectual and language abilities were measured using the WISC-V and CELF-5. Generalized linear models investigated associations of HEU-status with each neurodevelopmental outcome. An interaction term with sex was included to assess sex-specific effects. Gestational age, being small for gestational age (SGA), and household income were investigated as covariates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>65 CHEU (35 female, median age 9.00 years) and 42 CHUU (18 female, 8.96 years) were included. HEU-status was associated with significantly lower working memory and expressive language scores. In males, HEU-status was associated with lower scores on working memory, processing speed, overall intelligence, core, and expressive language abilities. No significant differences were observed in females by HEU-status. Household income was associated with all measures of intelligence and language. Lower working memory scores persisted in male CHEU after adjusting for covariates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Male CHEU and those with lower household income were the most vulnerable to cognitive and language deficits. Working memory deficits in CHEU indicates a specific cognitive vulnerability due to HEU exposure status. Our findings highlight the need for early interventions, including ensuring financial security and close neuropsychological follow-up.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2025.1540420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T05:25:19Z","timestamp":1752729919000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Intelligence and language outcomes in school-aged children who are HIV-exposed, uninfected: the role of sex, perinatal risk factors, and socioeconomic status"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Leila","family":"Kahnami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary 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