{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T01:04:29Z","timestamp":1781658269676,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Headache is a very common pathology in pediatric age, but the responsibility of ophthalmological factors in determining headache may be underestimated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Identify how headache presents and determine the prevalence of the different causes in children; investigate the role of the ophthalmologist and of the ophthalmic diagnostic investigations in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric headache.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>101 children, aged 4\u201318 years, with non-traumatic headache were included in the study. Each child underwent a questionnaire regarding headache characteristics and all the clinical and instrumental examinations necessary to reach the diagnosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Migraine was the most common form (28.7%), followed by headache associated with inadequate refractive error. (HARE, 23.7%), tension-type headache (17.8%), strabismus (16.8%), intracranial hypertension (6.9%), digital eye strain (5.9%). Myopia was the most prevalent type of HARE (50%). Strabismus headache was present especially in intermittent exotropia (41.2%) and convergence insufficiency (35.3%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>HARE and strabismus, despite the latter is not included in the final version of the International Classification of Headache Disorders, can cause frontal headache in many cases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ocular causes are a frequent cause of a relevant percentage of pediatric headaches.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2025.1547750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T05:20:30Z","timestamp":1749705630000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Headache in the paediatric population: the role of the ophthalmologist"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Degrassi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Tonetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Michieletto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Dalena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Egidio","family":"Barbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Pensiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-019-1050-8","article-title":"Prevalence and burden of headache in children and adolescents in Austria\u2014a nationwide study in a representative sample of pupils aged 10\u201318 years","volume":"20","author":"Philipp","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000688","article-title":"Pediatric headache: overview","volume":"30","author":"Kelly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-023-01541-0","article-title":"Primary headache epidemiology in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Onofri","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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