{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T09:01:47Z","timestamp":1759482107581,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the risk factors for hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) in children with severe beta-thalassemia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The clinical data of 152 children under the age of 15 who underwent allo-HSCT between January 2011 and December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. The incidence of HC and related variables were evaluated using univariate analysis. Variables with statistical significance (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05) were included in a multivariable logistic regression model to identify independent risk factors for HC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among the 152 children, 42 developed HC, with an incidence rate of 27.63%. The median onset time of HC was 25 days (IQR: 10\u201338.75 days). Univariate analysis indicated that older transplantation age, elevated pre-transplant serum ferritin levels, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, and prolonged neutrophil engraftment time were associated with HC occurrence (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). Multivariable logistic regression further confirmed that older transplantation age (OR 1.236, 95% CI: 1.031\u20131.531, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.033), elevated pre-transplant ferritin levels (OR 1.053, 95% CI: 1.028\u20131.086, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01), CMV infection (OR 11.522, 95% CI: 2.912\u201376.345, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002), and prolonged neutrophil engraftment time (OR 1.385, 95% CI: 1.109\u20131.793, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01) were independent risk factors for HC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Older transplantation age (&amp;gt;5.95 age years old), elevated pre-transplant serum ferritin levels, CMV infection, and delayed neutrophil engraftment are independent risk factors for HC in children with severe beta-thalassemia after allo-HSCT. Early identification and intervention for these risk factors are crucial in reducing the incidence of HC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2025.1558099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T06:38:48Z","timestamp":1743662328000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Risk factors for hemorrhagic cystitis in children with severe beta-thalassemia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell 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