{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T21:09:59Z","timestamp":1787605799772,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the histological and immuno-histochemical features of dartos fascia in buried penis (BP) as compared to dartos fascia in hypospadias and normal children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study included 40 children, operated on in our center between January 2023 and January 2024. Patients were divided into 3 groups; <jats:bold>group A<\/jats:bold>: 13 patients with BP, <jats:bold>group B<\/jats:bold>: 14 patients with different grades of distal Hypospadias, and <jats:bold>group C<\/jats:bold> with 13 patients who were referred for circumcision (control group). All dartos fascia specimens were blindly examined by the same pathologist. The 3 groups were assessed for histological findings including collagen, elastin, nerve fibers, tactile bodies, fat, smooth muscles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In group A (BP), there was statistically significant dominance of thick collagen fibers (thick fibers) <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001, thick smooth muscle fibers (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), thick convoluted nerve fibers (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004) and less fat (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) as compared to the hypospadias and control groups. In the hypospadias group, intermediate collagen fibers were the predominant type of fibers (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), in addition to long, thin and short thin elastin fibers (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) compared to the buried penis and the control groups. The hypospadias group also had significant predominance of chaotic disorganized nonparallel smooth muscle fibers <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The fascia in BP is characterized by abnormally thick collagen fibers, thick smooth muscle fibers and thick convoluted nerve fibers. This may explain why the penis is drawn inwards in BP and suggests that it is probably recommended to excise this abnormal fascia during the surgical correction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2025.1590147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T05:23:11Z","timestamp":1748841791000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Buried penis; what buried the penis?"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Fawzy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed T.","family":"Hadidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"649","volume-title":"Phimosis, Paraphimosis, Tumors of the Penis","author":"Keyes","year":"1919"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1226(77)90046-7","article-title":"Buried penis","volume":"30","author":"Crawford","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br J Plast Surg"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2005.12.033","article-title":"Surgical approach to the congenital megaprepuce","volume":"59","author":"Ferro","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.92.6.794","article-title":"The inconspicuous penis","volume":"92","author":"Bergeson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-5347(17)44837-3","article-title":"Surgical correction of the buried penis: description of a classification system and a technique to correct the disorder","volume":"136","author":"Maizels","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2010.03.033","article-title":"The ventral V-plasty: a simple procedure for the reconstruction of a congenital megaprepuce","volume":"45","author":"Alexander","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s003830050683","article-title":"Surgical correction of congenital megaprepuce","volume":"15","author":"Shenoy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2013.09.066","article-title":"Buried penis: classification surgical approach","volume":"49","author":"Hadidi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.10.090","article-title":"Congenital penile pathology is associated with abnormal development of the dartos muscle: a prospective study of primary penile surgery at a tertiary referral center","volume":"193","author":"Spinoit","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2018.04.034","article-title":"Abnormal dartos fascia in buried penis and hypospadias: evidence from histopathology","volume":"14","author":"Atmoko","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.4103\/aja2022116","article-title":"Buried penis: a histological and histochemical study of dartos fascia","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2024.03.036","article-title":"Evaluation of smooth muscle myosin heavy chain isoform expressions in a buried penis","volume":"59","author":"Kurtulu\u015f","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B13","volume-title":"Anatomy, Fascia","author":"Bordoni","year":"2018"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2012.08.001","article-title":"What is \u201cfascia\u201d? 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