{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:36:59Z","timestamp":1787585819839,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The \u201cEx Utero Intrapartum Treatment\u201d (EXIT) procedure is a specialized surgical technique used during cesarean delivery to perform life-saving fetal interventions while maintaining placental circulation. By preserving feto-placental gas exchange, EXIT enables the treatment of severe conditions such as predictable severe breathing difficulties at birth. EXIT's origins date back to removing tracheal occlusion devices used for congenital diaphragmatic hernias. It has since expanded to treat conditions such as congenital high airway obstruction syndrome and airway compression by masses. Despite the risks of adverse maternal and fetal events, it shows high perinatal survival rates. The success of EXIT depends on an accurate prenatal diagnosis through fetal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Anesthetic management differs from standard cesarean sections, balancing the need for uterine relaxation and avoiding maternal-fetal risks. Inhaled anesthetics are preferred, although recent studies suggest the potential of neuraxial anesthesia combined with tocolytics. Although the EXIT procedure can be performed safely in specialized centers, it does carry risks for both the mother and the fetus. Neonatal mortality and complications vary depending on indications and postnatal management. Research and clinical practice must advance to improve safety and efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2025.1601963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T05:26:04Z","timestamp":1752729964000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Ex-utero intrapartum treatment procedure: a narrative review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Michele","family":"Gaffuri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genny","family":"Raffaeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena Emilia","family":"Bullejos Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Perugino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ottavio","family":"Cassardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Persico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariarosa","family":"Colnaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Garrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Villamor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Cetin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Fumagalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Pignataro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Cavallaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s40136-023-00442-9","article-title":"A review of EXIT: interventions for neonatal airway rescue","volume":"11","author":"Goh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Otorhinolaryngol Rep"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2023.101484","article-title":"The difficult neonatal airway","volume":"28","author":"Sawyer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-25358-4_14","article-title":"Fetal Surgery and the EXIT procedure","volume-title":"Neonatal Anesthesia","author":"Ferschl","year":"2023"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogoh.2021.102252","article-title":"Ex utero intrapartum technique (EXIT): indications, procedure methods and materno-fetal complications\u2014a literature review","volume":"51","author":"Spiers","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reproduc"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-999541","article-title":"Anesthesia for perinatal surgery","volume":"6","author":"Norris","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(97)90184-6","article-title":"Operating on placental support: the ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure","volume":"32","author":"Mychaliska","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2012.11.023","article-title":"Ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure for management of congenital high airway obstruction syndrome in a vertex\/breech twin gestation","volume":"77","author":"Elliott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-03304-0","article-title":"Ex-Utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT): indications and outcome in fetal cervical and oropharyngeal masses","volume":"20","author":"Garc\u00eda-D\u00edaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2009.05.007","article-title":"Ex-utero intrapartum therapy","volume":"15","author":"Liechty","year":"2010","journal-title":"Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S1084-2756(03)00029-0","article-title":"The ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure","volume":"8","author":"Hirose","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin Neonatol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/S1055-8586(03)00026-X","article-title":"Ex utero intrapartum therapy","volume":"12","author":"Hedrick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2020.02.011","article-title":"EXIT (Ex utero intrapartum treatment) surgery for the management of fetal airway obstruction: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"55","author":"Novoa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.06.094","article-title":"A systematic review of the role of intrapartum hypoxia-ischemia in the causation of neonatal encephalopathy","volume":"199","author":"Graham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0620E","article-title":"Summary proceedings from the neurology group on hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"117","author":"Perlman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2014.09.013","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of obstructive head and neck masses and perinatal airway management: the ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure","volume":"48","author":"Walz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-6646(08)60121-7","article-title":"The EXIT (ex utero intrapartum treatment) procedure","volume":"107","author":"Chiu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F376","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2009.177303","article-title":"Emergency EXIT for preterm labour after FETO","volume":"95","author":"Berrington","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Dis Childhood-Fetal Neonat Ed"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.10142","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion versus postnatal management of severe isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"39","author":"Ruano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2018.07.010","article-title":"Vascular anomalies","volume":"45","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2018.10.018","article-title":"Fetal lymphangioma: prenatal diagnosis on ultrasound, treatment, and prognosis","volume":"231","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reproduc Biol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0021-8782.2004.00293.x","article-title":"Lymphatics at the crossroads of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis","volume":"204","author":"Scavelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e3182942b8f","article-title":"Giant pediatric cervicofacial lymphatic malformations","volume":"24","author":"Benazzou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1995.01890050065012","article-title":"Lymphatic malformations of the head and neck: a proposal for staging","volume":"121","author":"de Serres","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1067\/j.cpradiol.2012.02.001","article-title":"Teratomas: a multimodality review","volume":"41","author":"Peterson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Probl Diagn Radiol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-010-1500-7","article-title":"Cervical and oral teratoma in the fetus: a systematic review of etiology, pathology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis","volume":"282","author":"Tonni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2015.07.042","article-title":"Head and neck teratomas in children\u2014a series of 23 cases at great ormond street hospital","volume":"79","author":"Alexander","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2014.04.028","article-title":"Head and neck teratoma: from diagnosis to treatment","volume":"42","author":"Kadlub","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cranio-Maxillofacial Sur"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-44548-1.00071-1","article-title":"71 - Neck teratoma","volume-title":"Obstetric Imaging: Fetal Diagnosis and Care.","author":"Puerto","year":"2018"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s13224-023-01901-5","article-title":"Congenital epignathus and extra-uterine intrapartum treatment procedure","volume":"74","author":"Dirican","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynecol India"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1080\/08035250600580545","article-title":"Ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) for congenital giant ranula","volume":"95","author":"Chan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Doc06","DOI":"10.3205\/cto000109","article-title":"Salivary gland diseases in children","volume":"13","author":"Iro","year":"2014","journal-title":"GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2003.09.010","article-title":"The ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure for congenital ranula in a jehovah\u2019s witness","volume":"130","author":"Kolker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13818","article-title":"Airway management for neonates requiring ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT)","volume":"30","author":"Mohammad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatric Anesthesia"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"B13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.08.051","article-title":"Micrognathia","volume":"221","author":"Benacerraf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656231190525","article-title":"Evaluating prenatal diagnostic imaging for micrognathia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Fields","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Cleft Palate Craniofacial J"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.7639","article-title":"Fetal micrognathia: almost always an ominous finding","volume":"35","author":"Paladini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2020.110281","article-title":"International pediatric otolaryngology group (IPOG): consensus recommendations on the prenatal and perinatal management of anticipated airway obstruction","volume":"138","author":"Puricelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1639","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1768233","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of pierre robin sequence and its prognosis: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"41","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5876(91)90094-R","article-title":"Management of airway obstruction in the pierre robin sequence","volume":"22","author":"Benjamin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"NP16","DOI":"10.1177\/0145561319855641","article-title":"Predictive factors for perinatal outcomes of infants diagnosed with micrognathia antenatally","volume":"100","author":"Tay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S103","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23788","article-title":"Determining risk factors for early airway intervention in newborns with micrognathia","volume":"122","author":"Tonsager","year":"2012","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1159\/000240162","article-title":"Severe micrognathia: indications for EXIT-to-airway","volume":"26","author":"Morris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(94)90331-X","article-title":"Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS): a potential for perinatal intervention","volume":"29","author":"Hedrick","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2010.01.022","article-title":"Predicting the severity of congenital high airway obstruction syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Roybal","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2019.02.034","article-title":"Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS): natural history, prenatal management strategies, and outcomes at a single comprehensive fetal center","volume":"54","author":"Nolan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B46","first-page":"74","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of a foetus with congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS)","volume":"78","author":"Jaminet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev Med Liege"},{"key":"B47","first-page":"623","article-title":"Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Hamid-Sowinska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol Lett"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(03)00128-3","article-title":"Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome: natural history and management","volume":"38","author":"Lim","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2012.03.015","article-title":"Long-term outcomes after fetal therapy for congenital high airway obstructive syndrome","volume":"47","author":"Saadai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320370433","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of Fraser syndrome at 18.5 weeks gestation, with autopsy findings at 19 weeks","volume":"37","author":"Schauer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1159\/000063179","article-title":"Successful fetal intervention for congenital high airway obstruction syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Paek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1072385","article-title":"Successful EXIT (ex utero intrapartum treatment) procedure in a fetus diagnosed prenatally with congenital high-airway obstruction syndrome due to laryngeal atresia","volume":"10","author":"Bui","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1159\/000021022","article-title":"Salvage of a Fetus with congenital high airway obstruction syndrome by ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure","volume":"15","author":"Crombleholme","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.5468\/ogs.20266","article-title":"Perinatal outcome of fetuses with congenital high airway obstruction syndrome: a single-center experience","volume":"64","author":"Jeong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Sci"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2027030","article-title":"Randomized trial of fetal surgery for severe left diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"385","author":"Deprest","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.23135","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of smart tracheal occlusion device in diaphragmatic hernia lamb model","volume":"57","author":"Basurto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.22132","article-title":"New device permitting non-invasive reversal of fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion: ex-vivo and in-vivo study","volume":"56","author":"Basurto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0273878","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0273878","article-title":"Fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion with smart-TO balloon: study protocol to evaluate effectiveness and safety of non-invasive removal","volume":"18","author":"Sanan\u00e8s","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2006.10.035","article-title":"Ex utero intrapartum treatment with placement on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for fetal thoracic masses","volume":"42","author":"Kunisaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(03)00047-2","article-title":"Management of fetal lung lesions","volume":"30","author":"Adzick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2012.10.067","article-title":"EXIT-to-resection for fetuses with large lung masses and persistent mediastinal compression near birth","volume":"48","author":"Cass","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2023.09.002","article-title":"Prenatally diagnosed large lung lesions: timing of resection and perinatal outcomes","volume":"58","author":"Bose","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2020.09.005","article-title":"Mortality trends in neonatal ECMO for pulmonary hypoplasia: a review of the extracorporeal life support organization database from 1981 to 2016","volume":"56","author":"Cuestas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1051\/ject\/201648035","article-title":"A modified EXIT-to-ECMO with optional reservoir circuit for use during an EXIT procedure requiring thoracic surgery","volume":"48","author":"Matte","year":"2016","journal-title":"J ExtraCorporeal Technol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2016.10.010","article-title":"Does the ex utero intrapartum treatment to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation procedure change morbidity outcomes for high-risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia survivors?","volume":"52","author":"Shieh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200207000-00036","article-title":"EXIT To ECMO","volume":"97","author":"Michel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215120001206","article-title":"Ex utero intrapartum treatment to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: lifesaving management of a giant cervical teratoma","volume":"134","author":"Reeve","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.131.1.58","article-title":"Airway management in conjoined twins","volume":"131","author":"Ossowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surgery"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2020.110477","article-title":"Airway management protocol for conjoined twins delivery","volume":"140","author":"Snoap","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2012.10.008","article-title":"Ex utero intrapartum therapy","volume":"22","author":"Moldenhauer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2013.06.001","article-title":"Fetal MRI: an approach to practice: a review","volume":"5","author":"Saleem","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12373","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69375-3","article-title":"Fetal cardiac MRI: a single center experience over 14-years on the potential utility as an adjunct to fetal technically inadequate echocardiography","volume":"10","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1159\/000097106","article-title":"Evolving indications for the EXIT procedure: the usefulness of combining ultrasound and fetal MRI","volume":"22","author":"Mota","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-013-2679-0","article-title":"Tracheal agenesis with tracheoesophageal fistulae: fetal MRI diagnosis with confirmation by ultrasound during an ex utero intrapartum therapy (EXIT) delivery and postdelivery MRI","volume":"43","author":"Coleman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-022-03503-7","article-title":"Fetal-onset malignant rhabdoid tumor: a case report","volume":"16","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Case Reports"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1159\/000526798","article-title":"In utero treatment of congenital high airway obstruction syndrome via fetal laryngoscopy and EXIT procedure","volume":"49","author":"Sabra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-022-05495-4","article-title":"Indications for magnetic resonance imaging of the fetal body (extra-central nervous system): recommendations from the European society of paediatric radiology fetal task force","volume":"53","author":"Papaioannou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.1999.13050327.x","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging supplements ultrasonographic imaging of the posterior fossa, pharynx and neck in malformed fetuses","volume":"13","author":"Poutamo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.6586","article-title":"Management of fetal head and neck masses: evaluation of prenatal factors associated with airway obstruction and decision for definitive airway and ex-utero intrapartum treatment at birth","volume":"44","author":"Schmoke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2011.02.006","article-title":"Ex-utero intrapartum treatment procedure for giant neck masses\u2014fetal and maternal outcomes","volume":"46","author":"Lazar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4103\/joacp.JOACP_302_17","article-title":"Maternal anesthesia for EXIT procedure: a systematic review of literature","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-8180(01)00287-2","article-title":"Anesthetic management of the exit (ex utero intrapartum treatment) procedure","volume":"13","author":"Schwartz","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03022636","article-title":"The ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure: maternal and fetal considerations","volume":"54","author":"Chinnappa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can J Anesthesia J Canadien d'Anesthesie"},{"key":"B84","first-page":"497","article-title":"Anesthetic management of a patient undergoing an ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure: a case report","volume":"79","author":"Choleva","year":"2011","journal-title":"AANA J"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2004.01.007","article-title":"Four cases of the ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure: anesthetic implications","volume":"13","author":"Dahlgren","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199705000-00039","article-title":"Anesthetic management of cesarean delivery complicated by ex utero intrapartum treatment of the fetus","volume":"84","author":"Gaiser","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31821b173e","article-title":"Case scenario: anesthesia for maternal-fetal surgery","volume":"114","author":"Garcia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-64739-1_33","article-title":"Anesthesia for the EXIT procedure","volume-title":"Anaesthesia for Uncommon and Emerging Procedures","author":"Gitterman","year":"2021"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-70942012000300013","article-title":"Anestesia para tratamento intraparto extra\u00fatero (EXIT) em fetos com diagn\u00f3stico pr\u00e9-natal de malforma\u00e7\u00f5es cervical e oral: relato de casos","volume":"62","author":"Helfer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Bras Anestesiol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2006.02.008","article-title":"The EXIT procedure: principles, pitfalls, and progress","volume":"15","author":"Marwan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/AIA.0b013e31826df966","article-title":"Update in fetal anesthesia for the ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure","volume":"50","author":"Ngamprasertwong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Anesthesiol Clin"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2013.07.020","article-title":"Anesthesia for EXIT procedure (ex utero intrapartum treatment) in congenital cervical malformation\u2014a challenge to the anesthesiologist","volume":"65","author":"Oliveira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brazilian J Anesthesiol (English Edition)"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1159\/000514897","article-title":"Anesthesia for maternal-fetal interventions: a survey of fetal therapy centers in the North American fetal therapy network","volume":"48","author":"Wood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.4103\/joacp.JOACP_239_16","article-title":"Role of anesthesiologist in ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure: a case and review of anesthetic management","volume":"34","author":"Subramanian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-009-9092-z","article-title":"Obstetric hemorrhage during an EXIT procedure for severe fetal airway obstruction","volume":"56","author":"Butwick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can J Anesth"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2003.11.001","article-title":"Ex utero intrapartum surgery (EXIT): indications and anaesthetic management","volume":"18","author":"Zadra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2017.08.008","article-title":"Tocolysis: present and future treatment options","volume":"41","author":"Younger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e431","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.6-9-e431","article-title":"The EXIT strategy","volume":"6","author":"Albanese","year":"2005","journal-title":"NeoReviews"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14365","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14365","article-title":"Fetal cardiovascular response to acute hypoxia during maternal anesthesia","volume":"8","author":"Varcoe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e927803","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.927803","article-title":"Delivery of an infant with airway compression due to cystic hygroma at 37 weeks\u2019 gestation requiring a multidisciplinary decision to use a combination of ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) and airway palliation at cesarean section","volume":"22","author":"Sirianni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197411000-00010","article-title":"Maternal and fetal cardiovascular and acid\u2013base changes during halothane and isoflurane anesthesia in the pregnant ewe","volume":"41","author":"Richard","year":"1974","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2010.03350.x","article-title":"Supplementing desflurane with intravenous anesthesia reduces fetal cardiac dysfunction during open fetal surgery","volume":"20","author":"Boat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatric Anesthesia"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-019-02690-w","article-title":"The first national survey of anesthesia techniques for fetal therapies in Japan","volume":"33","author":"Noguchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X0203000508","article-title":"The effects of sevoflurane on isolated gravid human myometrium","volume":"30","author":"Turner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2022.103548","article-title":"The role of total intravenous anaesthesia for caesarean delivery","volume":"51","author":"Metodiev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.4103\/ija.ija_778_24","article-title":"Anaesthesia for foetal ex-utero intrapartum therapy (EXIT) surgery","volume":"68","author":"Varghese","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/01443610903281656","article-title":"A review of the EXIT (ex utero intrapartum treatment) procedure","volume":"30","author":"Abraham","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2021142","DOI":"10.23750\/abm.v92iS1.9964","article-title":"The ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure: case report of a multidisciplinary team approach","volume":"92","author":"Sangaletti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-023-06129-9","article-title":"Maternal and obstetric outcomes after ex-utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT): a single center experience","volume":"23","author":"Dom\u00ednguez-Moreno","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2005.03.024","article-title":"The ex utero intrapartum therapy procedure for high-risk fetal lung lesions","volume":"40","author":"Hedrick","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3390\/std13010005","article-title":"A detailed exploration of the ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure with center-specific advancements","volume":"13","author":"Dom\u00ednguez-Moreno","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surg Techniq Dev"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1788283","article-title":"Standard operating procedures ex utero intrapartum therapy (EXIT)","volume":"11","author":"Dadhwal","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Fetal Med"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150820","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2019.07.003","article-title":"Ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedures","volume":"28","author":"Bence","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353405","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1353405","article-title":"Maternal anemia and red blood cell requirements in 72 women undergoing ex-utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure","volume":"11","author":"Kloka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.312105108","article-title":"EXIT Procedure: technique and indications with prenatal imaging parameters for assessment of airway patency","volume":"31","author":"Dighe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"B116","first-page":"31","article-title":"Amnioreduction","volume":"75","author":"Coviello","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"B117","volume-title":"Polyhydramnios","author":"Hwang","year":"2024"},{"key":"B118","first-page":"115","article-title":"Fetal surgery","volume-title":"Pediatric Surgery","author":"Olive","year":"2020"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118477076.ch20","article-title":"The EXIT procedure","volume-title":"Anesthesia and the Fetus","author":"Stohl","year":"2013"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2002.30839","article-title":"The EXIT procedure: experience and outcome in 31 cases","volume":"37","author":"Bouchard","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175. e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.014","article-title":"The modified radical peripartum cesarean hysterectomy (Soleymani-Alazzam-Collins technique): a systematic, safe procedure for the management of severe placenta accreta spectrum","volume":"225","author":"Collins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.132.6.686","article-title":"The ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure: new challenges","volume":"132","author":"Otteson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Archives of Otolaryngology\u2013Head & Neck Surgery"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmclc.2021.09.009","article-title":"Ex-utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT)","volume":"32","author":"Varela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Revista M\u00e9dica Cl\u00ednica Las Condes"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2024.12465","article-title":"Timely use of bakri intrauterine balloon tamponade contributes to the effectiveness in controlling severe postpartum hemorrhage","volume":"27","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.70149","article-title":"Cost analysis of intrauterine balloon tamponade versus uterine artery embolization in the management of persistent postpartum hemorrhage","author":"Bonsen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"B126","first-page":"138","article-title":"Exit procedure: an evidence-based practical approach","volume-title":"Pediatric Otolaryngology: A Concise Guide to Pediatric Ear, Nose and Throat","author":"Schenone","year":"2020"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-021-01134-2","article-title":"Non-invasive carbon dioxide monitoring in neonates: methods, benefits, and pitfalls","volume":"41","author":"Sankaran","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3148","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25605","article-title":"Carbon dioxide monitoring in the newborn infant","volume":"56","author":"Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1159\/000531615","article-title":"Indications, resource allocation, and outcomes associated with ex-utero intrapartum treatment procedures: a north American fetal therapy network survey","volume":"50","author":"Joshi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1992.01880030094019","article-title":"New approach to the management of airway obstruction in high risk neonates","volume":"118","author":"Catalano","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(05)80164-2","article-title":"Cervical cystic hygroma in the fetus: clinical spectrum and outcome","volume":"25","author":"Langer","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1159\/000365353","article-title":"Fetal myelomeningocele repair: the post-MOMS experience at the children\u2019s hospital of Philadelphia","volume":"37","author":"Moldenhauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.112249","article-title":"Short-term maternal outcomes that are associated with the exit procedure, as compared with cesarean delivery","volume":"186","author":"Noah","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2013.02.010","article-title":"Maternal morbidity and reproductive outcomes related to fetal surgery","volume":"48","author":"Zamora","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000001385","article-title":"Anesthetic management of 65 cases of ex utero intrapartum therapy: a 13-year single-center experience","volume":"123","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2021.110851","article-title":"Risk factor analysis and outcomes of airway management in antenatally diagnosed cervical masses","volume":"149","author":"Barrette","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-019-04494-1","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of ex utero intrapartum treatment for fetal airway obstruction","volume":"35","author":"Masahata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15423","article-title":"Maternal and fetal anaesthesia for fetal surgery","volume":"76","author":"Dick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1159\/000336228","article-title":"Early neurodevelopmental outcome of infants with high-risk fetal lung lesions","volume":"31","author":"Danzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5992","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-024-05034-7","article-title":"Our experience with EXIT procedures: a case series","volume":"76","author":"Vaishnav","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/22201173.2009.10872582","article-title":"Anaesthesia for the EXIT procedure: a review","volume":"15","author":"Olutoye","year":"2009","journal-title":"Southern African J Anaesthesia Analgesia"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2010.10.007","article-title":"The simulation of an ex utero intrapartum procedure to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"46","author":"Auguste","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2013.02.004","article-title":"Moving forward in patient safety: multidisciplinary team training","volume":"37","author":"Daniels","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119373780.ch11","article-title":"Simulation in medical education","volume-title":"Understanding Medical Education: Evidence, Theory and Practice","author":"Battista","year":"2018"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1159\/000536209","article-title":"The delivery room resuscitation of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia treated with fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion: beyond the balloon","volume":"51","author":"Wild","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-021-02950-8","article-title":"Utility of three-dimensional modeling of the fetal airway for ex utero intrapartum treatment","volume":"35","author":"Shalev","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s41077-023-00267-y","article-title":"Simulation-based development: shaping clinical procedures for extra-uterine life support technology","volume":"8","author":"van Haren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Simul"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1159\/000541950","article-title":"Utility of 3-dimensional modeling in prenatally diagnosed large fetal neck mass","volume":"52","author":"Joshi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2025.1601963\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T05:26:07Z","timestamp":1752729967000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2025.1601963\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"references-count":148,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2025.1601963"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2025.1601963","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"article-number":"1601963"}}