{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:28:24Z","timestamp":1790872104250,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To provide an overview and critical appraisal of prediction models for Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in very preterm infants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our comprehensive literature search encompassed PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library along with targeted searches of the Chinese Medical Association's online journal platform (up to 8 February 2025). We examined relevant citations during full-text review and thoroughly evaluated them for inclusion. We included studies that reported the development and\/or validation of predictive models for IVH in preterm infants born at &amp;lt;32 weeks. We extracted the data independently based on the TRIPOD-SRMA checklist. We checked for risk of bias and applicability independently using the Prediction model Risk Of Bias Assessment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 30 prediction models from 11 studies reporting on model development and 2 models from 2 studies reporting on external validation were included in the analysis. The most frequently reported outcome in both model development studies (54.5%) and model validation studies (50%) was IVH I-IV. The most frequently used predictors in the models were gestational age (43.33%), followed by sex (36.67%), antenatal corticosteroids (33.33%), diastolic blood pressure (33.33%), birth weight (30%), and mean airway pressure (30%). The median C-statistic reported at model development was 0.83 (range 0.74\u20130.99). The majority of the included studies had a high risk of bias, mainly due to suboptimal analysis and mishandling of missing data. Furthermore, small sample sizes and insufficient numbers of event patients were observed in both types of studies. No meta-analysis was performed because no two studies validated the same model in comparable populations. We summarized performance metrics (e.g., C-statistic) descriptively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The included studies may still be flawed to a certain extent. It is recommended that future studies augment the sample size and number of events, whilst ensuring that any missing data is addressed in a rational manner. Furthermore, the statistical analysis should be optimised, and the study made transparent for the purpose of model generalisation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2025.1605145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T05:40:07Z","timestamp":1749015607000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Prediction models for intraventricular hemorrhage in very preterm infants: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ping","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonggang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Houxin","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhangbin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanlin","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(23)00878-4","article-title":"National, regional, and global estimates of preterm birth in 2020, with trends from 2010: a systematic analysis","volume":"402","author":"Ohuma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.06.043","article-title":"Intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants: a historical review","volume":"153","author":"Deger","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-024-06408-6","article-title":"Experience in endoscope choice for neuroendoscopic lavage for intraventricular hemorrhage of prematurity: a systematic review","volume":"40","author":"Wassef","year":"2024","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.5998","article-title":"Occurrence and time of onset of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm neonates: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data","volume":"179","author":"Nagy","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10304","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910304","article-title":"Predicting outcomes of preterm neonates post intraventricular hemorrhage","volume":"25","author":"Vignolle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.12.Peds11136","article-title":"Neonatal posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus from prematurity: pathophysiology and current treatment concepts","volume":"9","author":"Robinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45541","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.45541","article-title":"Evaluation of autism Spectrum disorder risk in infants with intraventricular hemorrhage","volume":"15","author":"Shehzad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853417","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.853417","article-title":"The impact of different degrees of intraventricular hemorrhage on mortality and neurological outcomes in very preterm infants: a prospective cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0372","article-title":"Intraventricular hemorrhage and neurodevelopmental outcomes in extreme preterm infants","volume":"133","author":"Bolisetty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/01376517-199710000-00002","article-title":"Intraventricular hemorrhage and long-term outcome in the premature infant","volume":"29","author":"Wildrick","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurosci Nurs"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e073538","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-073538","article-title":"Transparent reporting of multivariable prediction models for individual prognosis or diagnosis: checklist for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (tripod-srma)","volume":"381","author":"Snell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(78)80282-0","article-title":"Incidence and evolution of subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhage: a study of infants with birth weights less than 1,500 gm","volume":"92","author":"Papile","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.02.031","article-title":"Adequate sample size for developing prediction models is not simply related to events per variable","volume":"76","author":"Ogundimu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.7326\/m18-1376","article-title":"Probast: a tool to assess the risk of bias and applicability of prediction model studies","volume":"170","author":"Wolff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W1","DOI":"10.7326\/m18-1377","article-title":"Probast: a tool to assess risk of bias and applicability of prediction model studies: explanation and elaboration","volume":"170","author":"Moons","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.12126","article-title":"Discrimination and calibration of clinical prediction models: users\u2019 guides to the medical literature","volume":"318","author":"Alba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-024-05274-0","article-title":"Risk factors and nomogram for the prediction of intracranial hemorrhage in very preterm infants","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465440","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1465440","article-title":"Assessment of intraventricular hemorrhage risk in preterm infants using mathematically simulated cerebral blood flow","volume":"15","author":"Sidorenko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60030410","article-title":"The early hematological profile and its variations: a useful tool in the prediction of intraventricular hemorrhage in extremely preterm infants","volume":"60","author":"Cucerea","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-022-06865-x","article-title":"Antenatal prediction models for outcomes of extremely and very preterm infants based on machine learning","volume":"308","author":"Ushida","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14136","article-title":"Antenatal prediction models for short- and medium-term outcomes in preterm infants","volume":"100","author":"Ushida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2019.1601698","article-title":"Predictors of severe intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants under 29-weeks gestation","volume":"34","author":"Siddappa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2019.04.013","article-title":"Development and validation of a novel scoring system to predict severe intraventricular hemorrhage in very low birth weight infants","volume":"41","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2018.0383","article-title":"Continuous glucose monitoring linked to an artificial intelligence risk Index: early footprints of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm neonates","volume":"21","author":"Galderisi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46538","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46538","article-title":"Prediction of intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants using time series analysis of blood pressure and respiratory signals","volume":"7","author":"Huvanandana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1515\/jpme.1987.15.4.333","article-title":"Incidence and prediction of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage in very preterm infants","volume":"15","author":"van de Bor","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F86","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.86.2.f86","article-title":"Perinatal risk factors for Major intraventricular haemorrhage in the Australian and New Zealand neonatal network, 1995\u201397","volume":"86","author":"Heuchan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23740","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-74298-4","article-title":"Development of a machine learning model to identify intraventricular hemorrhage using time-series analysis in preterm infants","volume":"14","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.2096-2932.2023.12.00","article-title":"A prediction model for moderate to severe periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage in very\/extremely preterm infants","volume":"38","author":"Xi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chinese J Neonatol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082447","article-title":"Intraventricular hemorrhage in very preterm infants: a comprehensive review","volume":"9","author":"Gilard","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.139.3.7232736","article-title":"Real-time ultrasonography of neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage and comparison with computed tomography","volume":"139","author":"Grant","year":"1981","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62033-y","article-title":"Predicting severe intraventricular hemorrhage or early death using machine learning algorithms in Vlbwi of the Korean neonatal network database","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2022.07.007","article-title":"Growth phenotypes of very low birth weight infants for prediction of neonatal outcomes from a Brazilian cohort: comparison with intergrowth","volume":"99","author":"Cardoso","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pediatr (Rio J)"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2020020461","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-020461","article-title":"Prognostic models predicting mortality in preterm infants: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"147","author":"van Beek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856159","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.856159","article-title":"Prediction models for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2024.08.038","article-title":"Establishing a nomogram for predicting necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants: a retrospective multicenter cohort study","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-4847.134674","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the timing of early intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm neonates: clinical and research implications","volume":"3","author":"Al-Abdi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Neonatol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2015.03.008","article-title":"Near-Infrared spectroscopy: applications in neonates","volume":"20","author":"Sood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-01189-5","article-title":"The hidden consequence of intraventricular hemorrhage: persistent cerebral desaturation after ivh in preterm infants","volume":"89","author":"Vesoulis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2004","article-title":"Elevated cerebral pressure passivity is associated with prematurity-related intracranial hemorrhage","volume":"124","author":"O'Leary","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.7507\/1672-2531.202308135","article-title":"Methods and procedures of clinical predictive model","volume":"24","author":"Hangfeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2015.04.005","article-title":"Prediction models need appropriate internal, internal-external, and external validation","volume":"69","author":"Steyerberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2004.06.017","article-title":"Substantial effective sample sizes were required for external validation studies of predictive logistic regression models","volume":"58","author":"Vergouwe","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2025.1605145\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T05:40:11Z","timestamp":1749015611000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2025.1605145\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2025.1605145"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2025.1605145","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"article-number":"1605145"}}