{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T01:36:00Z","timestamp":1777080960188,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to evaluate the effects of combined calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation on maternal, pregnancy, and neonatal outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinical data from 122 pregnant women were retrospectively analyzed and categorized into three groups based on their actual intake: control (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200948), Calcium 600-Vitamin D (600\u2005mg calcium\u2009+\u20091,000 IU vitamin D daily, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200941), and Calcium 1,200-Vitamin D (1,200\u2005mg calcium\u2009+\u20091,000 IU vitamin D daily, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200933). Baseline characteristics and outcomes including gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, birth weight, and Apgar scores were collected and analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Calcium and vitamin D\u2083 supplementation was associated with significantly lower rates of gestational diabetes (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.035), preeclampsia (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.032), and gestational hypertension (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.047), as well as reduced leg cramp frequency (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). Neonatal outcomes improved with higher birth weights (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) and better 1-minute Apgar scores (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). Multivariable logistic regression confirmed that high-dose supplementation (Calcium 1,200\u2013Vitamin D) was independently associated with reduced risks of gestational diabetes (OR\u2009=\u20090.423, 95% CI: 0.123\u20130.869, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.043) and gestational hypertension (OR\u2009=\u20090.342, 95% CI: 0.126\u20130.875, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.012). Both supplementation groups significantly reduced leg cramp frequency: Calcium 600\u2013Vitamin D (OR\u2009=\u20090.507, 95% CI: 0.355\u20130.723, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) and Calcium 1,200\u2013Vitamin D (OR\u2009=\u20090.512, 95% CI: 0.256\u20130.985, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.012). No significant differences were found in other outcomes including preterm birth, neonatal infection, or NICU admission (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study suggests that combined calcium and vitamin D\u2083 supplementation during pregnancy may help reduce the risk of pregnancy-related complications and improve neonatal outcomes, supporting its potential as an adjunct to prenatal care. Further large-scale and long-term studies are warranted to confirm these findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2025.1605489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T05:20:48Z","timestamp":1749705648000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The efficacy of calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation in improving pregnancy and neonatal 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