{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T15:02:48Z","timestamp":1782226968573,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Childhood obesity has become a global public health crisis. Previous studies have shown that nutritional supplementation during pregnancy may be protective against offspring obesity. However, the research in this area is still emerging and the impact of moderators, such as birth weight, upon outcomes has not been fully explored. This study aimed to examine the combined effect of maternal supplementation with iron, calcium, folic acid, and multivitamin during pregnancy on the risk of obesity in Chinese preschoolers born macrosomia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 6,031 singleton children, born macrosomia, aged 3\u20136.5 years old were recruited from Longhua District in Shenzhen of China in 2021. Their mothers were asked to complete a structured questionnaire for collecting the sociodemographic characteristics of the child and parents, the child's birth-related characteristics, and maternal supplementation with iron, calcium, folic acid, and multivitamins during pregnancy. The children's weight and height were measured using a standardized method by well-trained medical staff from the Women's and Children's Hospital of Longhua District of Shenzhen.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After controlling for confounding variables, including other nutrients, the results of a series of logistic regressions showed that only iron supplementation (AOR\u2009=\u20090.75, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.60\u20130.92) during pregnancy was negatively associated with the presence of obesity in preschoolers born macrosomia in boys. In contrast, there was no independent associations between maternal prenatal ingestion of iron, calcium, folic acid, or multivitamin supplements and obesity in preschool girls born macrosomia. Examination of interaction effects through crossover analyses showed that maternal supplementation with both iron and calcium (AOR\u2009=\u20090.68, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.49\u20130.94), and both iron and multivitamins (AOR\u2009=\u20090.64, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.48\u20130.86) during pregnancy significantly reduced the risk of obesity in male preschoolers born macrosomia. Furthermore, interaction analysis found a multiplicative interaction between maternal iron and multivitamin supplementation during pregnancy on the risk of obesity in male preschoolers born macrosomia (IOR\u2009=\u20090.52, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.35\u20130.79).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings suggest that iron supplementation during pregnancy may reduce the risk of obesity in preschoolers born macrosomia in boys, with this effect enhanced with the combined ingestion of calcium and multivitamin supplementation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2025.1608521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T05:32:17Z","timestamp":1751002337000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Combined effects of maternal supplementation of iron, calcium, folic acid, and multivitamin during pregnancy on obesity in Chinese preschoolers born macrosomia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ming-Fei","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esben","family":"Strodl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Kang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Na","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guo-Min","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deng-Li","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan-Xia","family":"Xian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-Fen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Qing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29786","article-title":"Global prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity among preschool children","volume":"92","author":"de Onis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32129-3","article-title":"Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128\u00b79 million children, adolescents, and adults","volume":"390","author":"NCD-RisC","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.13325\/j.cnki.acta.nutr.sin.2017.06.005","article-title":"Interpretation of report on childhood obesity in China","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Nutr Sin"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.11852\/zgetbjzz2017-25-04-07","article-title":"Situation and effecting factors of preschool children among several cities in China","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chinese J Child Health Care"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12535","article-title":"Exploring the association between childhood and adolescent obesity and depression: a meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Quek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2147\/AHMT.S101631","article-title":"Psychological consequences of childhood obesity: psychiatric comorbidity and prevention","volume":"7","author":"Rankin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adolesc Health Med Ther"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14551","article-title":"Hypertension in childhood obesity","volume":"108","author":"W\u00fchl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-020-04579-3","article-title":"Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and primary hypertension","volume":"36","author":"Litwin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2017.00197","article-title":"Obesity-related hypertension in children","volume":"5","author":"Brady","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-014-0508-y","article-title":"Obesity and type 2 diabetes in children: epidemiology and treatment","volume":"14","author":"Pulgaron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.3.712","article-title":"Relationship of childhood obesity to coronary heart disease risk factors in adulthood: the Bogalusa heart study","volume":"108","author":"Freedman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14040435","article-title":"Economic burden of obesity: a systematic literature review","volume":"14","author":"Tremmel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2017.272450","article-title":"The impact of obesity on medical care costs and labor market outcomes in the US","volume":"64","author":"Biener","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-0063","article-title":"Lifetime direct medical costs of childhood obesity","volume":"133","author":"Finkelstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13104","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13104","article-title":"The impact of childhood obesity on human capital in high-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Segal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.16835\/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.034","article-title":"Research progress on genetic variants\u2019 effects on childhood obesity interventions","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chinese J Sch Health"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2004.00133.x","article-title":"Obesity in children and young people: a crisis in public health","volume":"5","author":"Lobstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5125","DOI":"10.7620\/zgfybj.j.issn.1001-4411.2014.31.38","article-title":"Study on the correlation between cesarean section and childhood obesity","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Matern Child Health Care China"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2019-212591","article-title":"Caesarean section delivery and childhood obesity: evidence from the growing up in New Zealand cohort","volume":"73","author":"Masukume","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1005-8982.2021.02.018","article-title":"The association of pre-pregnancy weight and weight gain during pregnancy with pregnancy complications and delivery outcome","volume":"31","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"China J Mod Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2018.79629","article-title":"The effect of active and passive maternal smoking before and during pregnancy on neonatal weight at birth","volume":"17","author":"Wojtyla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12046","article-title":"Maternal smoking in pregnancy association with childhood adiposity and blood pressure","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Obes"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12516","article-title":"Overweight and obesity among children and adolescents with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"38","author":"Fuglestad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2013.183","article-title":"Birth weight, rapid weight gain in infancy and markers of overweight and obesity in childhood","volume":"67","author":"Sacco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2011.00867.x","article-title":"Birth weight and subsequent risk of obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4852-0","article-title":"Cross-sectional associations between sleep duration, sedentary time, physical activity, and adiposity indicators among Canadian preschool-aged children using compositional analyses","volume":"17","author":"Carson","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15030527","article-title":"The relationship between obesity, sleep and physical activity in Chinese preschool children","volume":"15","author":"Ji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-021-03895-2","article-title":"Prevalence of physical activity, screen time, and sleep, and associations with adiposity and motor development among preschool-age children in Vietnam: the sunrise Vietnam pilot study","volume":"89","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"B29","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology","author":"Xie","year":"2018"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2016.1252746","article-title":"Risk factors and outcomes of macrosomia in China: a multicentric survey based on birth data","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-019-05400-9","article-title":"Trends in the incidence of fetal macrosomia and its phenotypes in the United States, 1971\u20132017","volume":"301","author":"Salihu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2016.08.003","article-title":"Macrosomia","volume":"38","author":"Araujo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-015-0512-0","article-title":"Effect of personalized nutrition guidance on the birth rate of fetal macrosomia in Chinese population: a meta-analysis of nine randomized controlled trials","volume":"72","author":"Ge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1159\/000371628","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus and macrosomia: a literature review","volume":"66","author":"Kc","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2010.01940.x","article-title":"Obesity and the developmental origins of health and disease","volume":"48","author":"Kemp","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.02.010","article-title":"Growth trajectories of body mass index during childhood: associated factors and health outcome at adulthood","volume":"186","author":"P\u00e9neau","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.3870\/j.issn.1672-0741.2022.05.010","article-title":"Comparison of bmi trajectory pattern between macrosomia and normal birth weight infants aged 0to 24months:a longitudinal study","volume":"51","author":"Xiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Med Univ Sci Technol Huazhong"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8424","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09046-y","article-title":"Body mass index trajectories in the first two years and subsequent childhood cardio-metabolic outcomes: a prospective multi-ethnic Asian cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Aris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B39","first-page":"353","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus: a \u201cthrifty\u201d genotype rendered detrimental by \u201cprogress\u201d?","volume":"14","author":"Neel","year":"1962","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5293","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.23.15.5293-5300.2003","article-title":"Transposable elements: targets for early nutritional effects on epigenetic gene regulation","volume":"23","author":"Waterland","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020271","article-title":"Preconception hemoglobin concentration and risk of low birth weight and small-for-gestational-age: a large prospective cohort study in China","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156075","article-title":"U-shaped curve for risk associated with maternal hemoglobin, iron status, or iron supplementation","volume":"106","author":"Dewey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(97)07244-9","article-title":"Glucose tolerance in adults after prenatal exposure to famine","volume":"351","author":"Ravelli","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R104","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00343.2004","article-title":"Maternal dietary iron restriction modulates hepatic lipid metabolism in the fetuses","volume":"288","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.13325\/j.cnki.acta.nutr.sin.2018.06.002","article-title":"Scientific consensus on the use of nutrient supplements","volume":"40","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Nutr Sin"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2018.01.019","article-title":"The ten-year retrospect of nutrition and health status of pregnant women in China","volume":"52","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin J Prev Med"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09968","article-title":"Aberrant lipid metabolism disrupts calcium homeostasis causing liver endoplasmic reticulum stress in obesity","volume":"473","author":"Fu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2009.00163.x","article-title":"Cobalamin, folic acid, and homocysteine","volume":"67","author":"Varela-Moreiras","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e160845","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.0845","article-title":"Association between maternal prepregnancy body mass index and plasma folate concentrations with child metabolic health","volume":"170","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1673-5293.2018.04.022","article-title":"Relationship between multi-vitamins supplementation during the second and the third trimester and risk of preterm delivery","volume":"29","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin J Woman Child Health Res"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.19538\/j.fk2020020120","article-title":"A retrospective cohort study of multivitamin supplementation in pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes","volume":"36","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin J Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.11847\/zgggws1127867","article-title":"Nutrient supplementation during pregnancy and 6 months postpartum among pregnant women in three cities of China: a cross-sectional and follow-up survey","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"China J Public Health"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.20.1.249","article-title":"Calcium in pregnancy and lactation","volume":"20","author":"Prentice","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2724","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14132724","article-title":"Effectiveness of dietary interventions to treat iron-deficiency anemia in women: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"14","author":"Skolmowska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3266","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113266","article-title":"Maternal compliance to recommended iron and folic acid supplementation in pregnancy, Sri Lanka: a hospital-based cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Pathirathna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0578-1310.2009.07.004","article-title":"Body mass index growth curves for Chinese children and adolescents aged 0 to 18 years","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.3945\/an.117.015446","article-title":"Anthropometric indicators as body fat discriminators in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Alves","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2017.217","article-title":"Prenatal risk factors influencing childhood bmi and overweight independent of birth weight and infancy bmi: a path analysis within the Danish national birth cohort","volume":"42","author":"Morgen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3068","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa292","article-title":"Tracking preschoolers\u2019 lifestyle behaviors and testing maternal sociodemographics and bmi in predicting child obesity risk","volume":"150","author":"Kunaratnam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15020380","article-title":"Joint effects of prenatal folic acid supplement with prenatal multivitamin and iron supplement on obesity in preschoolers born sga: sex specific difference","volume":"15","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e263148","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263148","article-title":"Associations between maternal iron supplementation in pregnancy and offspring growth and cardiometabolic risk outcomes in infancy and childhood","volume":"17","author":"Petry","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e84684","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084684","article-title":"Associations of maternal iron intake and hemoglobin in pregnancy with offspring vascular phenotypes and adiposity at age 10: findings from the avon longitudinal study of parents and children","volume":"9","author":"Alwan","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S33833","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between maternal iron status and offspring\u2019s blood pressure and adiposity: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"4","author":"Alwan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-1700","article-title":"Perinatal iron deficiency combined with a high-fat diet causes obesity and cardiovascular dysregulation","volume":"153","author":"Bourque","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5102","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1361","article-title":"Hepcidin in obese children as a potential mediator of the association between obesity and iron deficiency","volume":"94","author":"Del Giudice","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.155812","article-title":"Iron homeostasis during pregnancy","volume":"106","author":"Fisher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab406","article-title":"Maternal iron kinetics and maternal\u2013fetal iron transfer in normal-weight and overweight pregnancy","volume":"115","author":"Stoffel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2018.208645","article-title":"The opposing effects of acute inflammation and iron deficiency anemia on serum hepcidin and iron absorption in young women","volume":"104","author":"Stoffel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47911","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201947911","article-title":"Iron overload inhibits late stage autophagic flux leading to insulin resistance","volume":"20","author":"Jahng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Embo Rep"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.5.1700S","article-title":"Iron and oxidative stress in pregnancy","volume":"133","author":"Casanueva","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202919","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202919","article-title":"Oxidative stress in healthy pregnancy and preeclampsia is linked to chronic inflammation, iron status and vascular function","volume":"13","author":"Mannaerts","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5529","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155529","article-title":"Iron metabolism in obesity and metabolic syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Dom\u00ednguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114403","article-title":"Bach1 inhibits senescence, obesity, and short lifespan by ferroptotic fgf21 secretion","volume":"43","author":"Nishizawa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab222","article-title":"Dietary iron deficiency modulates adipocyte iron homeostasis, adaptive thermogenesis, and obesity in c57bl\/6 mice","volume":"151","author":"Yook","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10753","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89673-8","article-title":"Iron supplementation regulates the progression of high fat diet induced obesity and hepatic steatosis via mitochondrial signaling pathways","volume":"11","author":"Kitamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-025-01108-6","article-title":"Epigenetic modifications of nuclear and mitochondrial dna are associated with the disturbance of serum iron biomarkers among the metabolically unhealthy obesity school-age children","volume":"24","author":"Xia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4510","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124510","article-title":"Excess vitamins or imbalance of folic acid and choline in the gestational diet alter the gut microbiota and obesogenic effects in wistar rat offspring","volume":"13","author":"Mjaaseth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R575","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.90354.2008","article-title":"High multivitamin intake by wistar rats during pregnancy results in increased food intake and components of the metabolic syndrome in male offspring","volume":"295","author":"Szeto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201400663","article-title":"Methyl vitamins contribute to obesogenic effects of a high multivitamin gestational diet and epigenetic alterations in hypothalamic feeding pathways in wistar rat offspring","volume":"59","author":"Cho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0032-2","article-title":"Association between maternal mid-gestation vitamin d status and neonatal abdominal adiposity","volume":"42","author":"Tint","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1673-5293.2021.08.029","article-title":"Research progress on zinc, iron and calcium deficiencies and childhood obesity","volume":"32","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin J Woman Child Health Res"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-021-00883-z","article-title":"Ms4a15 drives ferroptosis resistance through calcium-restricted lipid remodeling","volume":"29","author":"Xin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0365-x","article-title":"Prenatal iron containing supplements provided to Chinese women with no or mild anemia had no effect on hemoglobin concentration in post-partum women or their infants at 6 and 12 months of age","volume":"73","author":"Serdula","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.189","article-title":"Maternal folate status and obesity\/insulin resistance in the offspring: a systematic review","volume":"40","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e850","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00126-7","article-title":"Iron, folic acid, and multiple micronutrient supplementation strategies during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes in Botswana","volume":"10","author":"Caniglia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.022699","article-title":"Iron and folic acid supplements in pregnancy improve child survival in Indonesia","volume":"95","author":"Dibley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuy006","article-title":"A crucial role for maternal dietary methyl donor intake in epigenetic programming and fetal growth outcomes","volume":"76","author":"McGee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40774","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40774","article-title":"Epigenetic modifications at dmrs of placental genes are subjected to variations in normal gestation, pathological conditions and folate supplementation","volume":"7","author":"Rahat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8100661","article-title":"Organ-specific gene expression changes in the fetal liver and placenta in response to maternal folate depletion","volume":"8","author":"McKay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19855","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M100039200","article-title":"Heavy chain ferritin enhances serine hydroxymethyltransferase expression and de novo thymidine biosynthesis","volume":"276","author":"Oppenheim","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114519002721","article-title":"Simultaneous supplementation with iron and folic acid can affect slc11a2 and slc46a1 transcription and metabolite concentrations in rats","volume":"123","author":"Radziejewska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-019-01888-z","article-title":"Folic acid affects iron status in female rats with deficiency of these micronutrients","volume":"195","author":"Suliburska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2012.01274.x","article-title":"Effects of calcium supplementation during pregnancy on maternal, fetal and birth outcomes","volume":"26","author":"Imdad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-021-00963-z","article-title":"Maternal metal concentration during gestation and pediatric morbidity in children: an exploratory analysis","volume":"26","author":"Karakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Health Prev Med"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-013-0581-z","article-title":"Low dietary calcium and obesity: a comparative study in genetically obese and normal rats during early growth","volume":"53","author":"Marotte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v14.i10.756","article-title":"Maternal inappropriate calcium intake aggravates dietary-induced obesity in male offspring by affecting the differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Stem Cells"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-021-00790-w","article-title":"Developmental programming of offspring adipose tissue biology and obesity risk","volume":"45","author":"Rodgers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14398","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014398","article-title":"Sex- and diet-specific changes of imprinted gene expression and dna methylation in mouse placenta under a high-fat diet","volume":"5","author":"Gallou-Kabani","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20995","article-title":"Boys live dangerously in the womb","volume":"22","author":"Eriksson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2015-0503","article-title":"Maternal and postweaning folic acid supplementation interact to influence body weight, insulin resistance, and food intake regulatory gene expression in rat offspring in a sex-specific manner","volume":"41","author":"Huot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2025.1608521\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T05:32:31Z","timestamp":1751002351000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2025.1608521\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"references-count":100,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2025.1608521"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2025.1608521","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"article-number":"1608521"}}