{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T15:44:03Z","timestamp":1777045443874,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is the most common bleeding disorder in children. Tfh cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of ITP by promoting the production of anti-platelet autoantibodies. Recent studies have shown that CXCR5<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>\u03b3\u03b4<\/jats:italic> T cells not only possess \u201cTfh-like\u201d cell functions but also can induce Tfh cell differentiation. However, it remains unknown whether CXCR5<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>\u03b3\u03b4<\/jats:italic> T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of ITP. This study aims to investigate the role of CXCR5<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>\u03b3\u03b4<\/jats:italic> T cells in children with newly diagnosed ITP (nITP).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 96 children with nITP and 48 healthy children were enrolled in this study. FCM was used to compare the frequencies of circulating CXCR5<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>\u03b3\u03b4<\/jats:italic> T cells and circulating Tfh cells, as well as the levels of ICOS and CD40l on circulating CXCR5<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>\u03b3\u03b4<\/jats:italic> T cells in both groups. The correlation between circulating CXCR5<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>\u03b3\u03b4<\/jats:italic> T cells and platelets as well as circulating Tfh cells were further analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with healthy controls, the frequency of circulating CXCR5<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>\u03b3\u03b4<\/jats:italic> T cells was higher in children with nITP, and it was negatively correlated with platelet count. The levels of ICOS and CD40l on circulating CXCR5<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>\u03b3\u03b4<\/jats:italic> T cells in children with nITP were also higher. Children with nITP had a higher frequency of circulating Tfh cells, which was positively correlated with circulating CXCR5<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>\u03b3\u03b4<\/jats:italic> T cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The excessive activation and proliferation of CXCR5<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>\u03b3\u03b4<\/jats:italic> T cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of nITP in children. Therefore, it can be used as a target for the immunotherapy of pediatric ITP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2025.1646877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T05:24:19Z","timestamp":1754889859000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The expression pattern and role of circulating CXCR5+\u03b3\u03b4 T cells in children with newly diagnosed immune 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