{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:23:35Z","timestamp":1787027015812,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the nutritional status and dietary patterns of girls with central precocious puberty (CPP) undergoing treatment with leuprolide acetate during the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted with 59 girls, aged 5\u201313 years, diagnosed with CPP and treated with leuprolide acetate. Between May and December 2021, a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and a 24-hour dietary recall (24-h DR) were administered. The Forn\u00e9s score was used to quantify consumption markers of healthy (beans, fruits, vegetables, and greens) and unhealthy (hamburgers, sugar-sweetened beverages, ultra-processed foods, and sweets) foods. Higher scores reflected greater intake of the respective food groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the participants, 31 (52.5%) showed a reduction in their BMI Z-score (mean change: \u22120.32\u2009\u00b1\u20090.26), while 28 (47.5%) had an increase (mean change: 0.25\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.22). Girls who reduced their BMI Z-score had significantly higher Forn\u00e9s scores for healthy food markers (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.02), particularly for fresh fruits (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04) and greens and vegetables (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01). A negative correlation was found between BMI Z-score variation and the Forn\u00e9s score for healthy food markers (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.02), including fruits (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.02) and greens and vegetables (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.02). No significant associations were observed between BMI Z-score variation and age at treatment onset (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.22) or treatment duration (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.43).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In girls with CPP treated with leuprolide acetate, greater consumption of healthy foods\u2014especially fruits and vegetables\u2014was associated with decreased BMI Z-scores. These findings underscore the role of dietary quality in energy balance and support nutritional monitoring during GnRHa therapy, particularly under lifestyle-altering conditions such as the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2025.1650247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T05:29:24Z","timestamp":1756186164000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of dietary patterns on body weight in girls with central precocious puberty treated with leuprolide during the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Fabiana Neves","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aline de Piano","family":"Ganen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina Costa","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nara Michelle de Ara\u00fajo","family":"Evangelista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00e2nia de F\u00e1tima Tonetto","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciana de Aguiar","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido de Paula","family":"Colares Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e752","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1783","article-title":"Consensus statement on the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs in children","volume":"123","author":"Carel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00380-0","article-title":"Causes, diagnosis, and treatment of central precocious puberty","volume":"4","author":"Latronico","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-020-00851-x","article-title":"Increased incidence of precocious and accelerated puberty in females during and after the Italian lockdown for the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic","volume":"46","author":"Stagi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.716718","article-title":"Precocious puberty and COVID-19 into perspective: potential increased frequency, possible causes, and a potential emergency to be addressed","volume":"9","author":"Street","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2424","article-title":"Modulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator sensitivity to progesterone inhibition in hyperandrogenic adolescent girls: implications for regulation of pubertal maturation","volume":"94","author":"Blank","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/139239","article-title":"Adipose tissue in obesity-related inflammation and insulin resistance: cells, cytokines, and chemokines","volume":"2013","author":"Makki","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Inflamm"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2165\/00148581-200406040-00003","article-title":"Central precocious puberty: current treatment options","volume":"6","author":"Antoniazzi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Paediatr Drugs"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1266","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14101266","article-title":"Association between obesity and puberty timing: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.794107","article-title":"Do GnRH agonists really increase body weight gain? 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