{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T10:39:41Z","timestamp":1781174381398,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mild hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) often goes undected due to the narrow therapeutic window, subtle or absent clinical signs, and the lack of standardized diagnostic criteria. A broader umbilical cord blood pH threshold may help identifying at-risk neonates. Long-term developmental outcomes of term-born infants with isolated acidosis are lacking.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine the long-term non-verbal cognitive and language development at two years of term-born infants with an umbilical cord blood pH between 7.0 and 7.15 but no apparent clinical signs of mild HIE.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective observational study of 101 term-born infants. Developmental outcome was assessed using the Parent Report of Children's Abilities\u2014Revised (PARCA-R) questionnaire for infants aged between 23 months and 27 months. Standardized PARCA-R scores are interpreted as follows: \u226585\u2009=\u2009normal development, 70\u201384\u2009=\u2009mild developmental delay, &amp;lt;70\u2009=\u2009moderate developmental delay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>PARCA-R Scores &amp;lt;85 in either non-verbal cognitive or language delay occurred in 39% of the cohort: 32% of them in non-verbal cognitive and 16% in language domain. No significant differences in developmental outcomes between the pH subgroups were found. Our outcomes were highly consistent with reported outcomes of infants diagnosed with mild HIE.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Term-born infants with isolated perinatal acidosis may be at increased risk of developmental impairments at two years, despite being considered clinically healthy at birth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2025.1654282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T05:39:09Z","timestamp":1753940349000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Correlation of low birth pH with cognitive and language outcomes at two years"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Khaled","family":"Abdelrahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Groteklaes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebiha","family":"Demir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Jim\u00e9nez Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Till","family":"Dresbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemmen","family":"Sabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)71048-5","article-title":"4 Million neonatal deaths: when? 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