{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T11:13:27Z","timestamp":1768216407670,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate nutritional iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) in Kazakh children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this cross-sectional study, a total of 197 children aged 3\u201314 years were randomly selected from three townships in Barkol County, and the basic information and diet of the sample children were collected and analysed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The overall prevalence of IDA was 15.7%, which is considerably higher than the national average for children in China. Kazakh children had a significantly higher prevalence of anaemia than their Han counterparts (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.040). To ensure statistical stability given the sample size, a parsimonious multivariate logistic regression model was employed. This model identified lower intake of meat [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)\u2009=\u20090.92], lower intake of aquatic products (aOR\u2009=\u20090.35), and failure to take iron supplements (aOR\u2009=\u20095.10) as independent risk factors for IDA.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings indicate a substantial burden of IDA among Kazakh children in this region, highlighting a significant ethnic disparity. The primary modifiable risk factors are dietary, centring on insufficient consumption of bioavailable iron from animal sources and aquatic products, coupled with a lack of iron supplementation. The counterintuitive association between soybean\/nut intake and IDA risk warrants further investigation. These results underscore the urgent need for targeted nutritional interventions and health education programmes focused on improving dietary iron quality and supplementation practices in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2025.1654351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T08:12:36Z","timestamp":1768205556000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The investigation and analysis of nutritional iron deficiency anaemia in Kazakh children"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianghong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiufang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1415","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01453-15","article-title":"Iron modulates butyrate production by a child gut Microbiota in vitro","volume":"6","author":"Dostal","year":"2015","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3705","DOI":"10.20043\/j.cnki.mpm.2020.20.013","article-title":"Research progress on the interaction between iron, host and intestinal flora","volume":"47","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mod Prev Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.056978-0","article-title":"Effect of iron limitation and fur gene inactivation on the transcriptional profile of the strict anaerobe clostridium acetobutylicum","volume":"158","author":"Vasileva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbiology (Reading)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.3321\/j.issn:0578-1310.2008.07.006","article-title":"Suggestions on prevention and treatment of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in children","volume":"46","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin J Pediatr"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.16835\/j.cnki.1000-9817.2020.12.028","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in children aged 0-14 years in China from 2000 to 2020","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin J School Health"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.11852\/zgetbjzz2024-0537","article-title":"Epidemiological survey on anemia and iron deficiency among children aged 6 months to 6 years in Xinjiang","volume":"33","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin J Child Health Care"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3128","DOI":"10.7620\/zgfybj.j.issn.1001-4411.2016.15.51","article-title":"Study on the relationship between anemia and dietary habits in Kazakh children in Altay city","volume":"31","author":"Zuorihan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Maternal Child Health Care China"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1004-583X.2000.03.005","article-title":"Investigation and analysis of iron deficiency anemia on growth and development of infants","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Focus"},{"key":"B9","volume-title":"WS\/T441-2013 Population anemia Screening Method","year":"2013"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333794X221110860","DOI":"10.1177\/2333794X221110860","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of iron deficiency and iron deficiency Anemia among under-5 children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Gedfie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob Pediatr Health"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1009-5519.2024.02.019","article-title":"Meta-analysis of influencing factors of iron deficiency anemia in preschool children","volume":"40","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Mod Med Health"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000216","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of iron deficiency in healthy young children in the southwestern Netherlands","volume":"58","author":"Uijterschout","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2023.0653","article-title":"What parents should know about iron-deficiency Anemia in children","volume":"177","author":"Touhy","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2020041","DOI":"10.4084\/MJHID.2020.041","article-title":"Iron deficiency anemia in children residing in high and low-income countries: risk factors, prevention, diagnosis and therapy","volume":"12","author":"Mantadakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.16269\/j.cnki.cn11-9337\/r.2019.36.008","article-title":"Research progress on dietary nutrition status and influencing factors of preschool children","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electron J Gen Stomatol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1673-5323.2023.01.005","article-title":"Study on the correlation between serum vitamin A, E levels and iron deficiency anemia in children","volume":"28","author":"Xiong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Chin Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.12122\/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.12.07","article-title":"Gut microbiome composition in pre-adolescent children with different meat consumption patterns","volume":"41","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"nzy5","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzy005","article-title":"Health effects and sources of prebiotic dietary fiber","volume":"2","author":"Carlson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Dev Nutr"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.BAD-0019-2017","article-title":"Modulation of the gastrointestinal microbiome with nondigestible fermentable carbohydrates to improve human health","volume":"5","author":"Deehan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1008-1127.2002.03.032","article-title":"Investigation and analysis of nutritional anemia of Kazak children in Nanshan area of Shihezi","volume":"24","author":"Lu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Nongken Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14122453","article-title":"The influence of I-ntensive nutritional education on the iron status in infants","volume":"14","author":"Wozniak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1672-0369.2022.20.003","article-title":"Influencing factors of iron deficiency anemia in children aged 0\u20133 years old","volume":"34","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med J Chin People\u2019s Health"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2020.08.019","article-title":"Maternal level of education and nutritional practices regarding iron deficiency anemia among preschoolers in Jordan","volume":"55","author":"Al-Suhiemat","year":"2020","journal-title":"JPediatr Nurs"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoacint.18-0057","article-title":"Quantification of whey protein content in milk-based infant formula powders by sodium dodecyl sulfate-capillary gel electrophoresis (SDS-CGE): multilaboratory testing study, final action 2016.15","volume":"101","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J AOAC Int"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.34763\/devperiodmed.20172101.1328","article-title":"Nutrition of infants and young children in Poland- pitnuts 2016","volume":"21","author":"Weker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev Period Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.01.017","article-title":"The relationship between heavy menstrual bleeding, iron deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia","volume":"229","author":"Munro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11649","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.11649","article-title":"Iron deficiency anemia among children aged 2-5 years in southern Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Orsango","year":"2021","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.3321\/j.issn:0578-1310.2008.07.002","article-title":"Pay attention to the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency anemia in children","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin J Pediatr"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2025.1654351\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T08:12:48Z","timestamp":1768205568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2025.1654351\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2025.1654351"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2025.1654351","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"article-number":"1654351"}}