{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T17:58:44Z","timestamp":1770919124274,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of nebulized inhalation vs. intramuscular delivery of interferon \u03b11b (IFN \u03b11b) for paediatric patients with viral respiratory diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comprehensive search of databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and China Biology Medicine disc (Sinomed) was conducted to identify relevant literature on the use of interferon \u03b11b in children. The search timeframe spanned from database inception to April 2025.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 16 studies involving 2002 patients were included. The meta-analysis revealed that the overall efficacy rate in the nebulized inhalation group (94.85%) was significantly greater than that in the intramuscular injection group (82.39%) (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.00001). Consistent results were observed in the herpangina and bronchiolitis subgroup analyses (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.0001). With respect to drug safety, the meta-analysis results revealed that the incidence rate of adverse reactions in the nebulized inhalation group (1.58%) was significantly lower than that in the intramuscular injection group (4.60%) (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003). The studies had no significant publication bias, and sensitivity analysis suggested that the results were reliable.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with intramuscular injection, nebulized inhalation significantly increased the efficacy and safety of IFN \u03b11b in treating paediatric patients with viral respiratory diseases. For children with both herpangina and bronchiolitis, nebulized inhalation was more effective; however, no significant difference was found in the incidence of adverse reactions. In the future, multicentre, large-scale randomized controlled trials should be conducted to further validate these conclusions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2025.1654973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T05:35:44Z","timestamp":1761197744000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Efficacy and safety of nebulized inhalation vs. intramuscular delivery of interferon \u03b11b injection for paediatric patients with viral respiratory diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lixing","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaning","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-024-04860-5","article-title":"Changes in seasonal respiratory viral infections among pediatric population around the COVID-19 pandemic; 2019\u20132023","volume":"43","author":"Alzaydi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106450","article-title":"Clinical epidemiological characteristics of hospitalized pediatric viral community-acquired pneumonia in China","volume":"90","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(22)00092-X","article-title":"Prevalence of respiratory viruses in community-acquired pneumonia in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Pratt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.40.7.8705","article-title":"Effects of ganciclovir combined with recombinant human interferon-\u03b1 on clinical efficacy and immune function in children with infectious mononucleosis","volume":"40","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1003-6350.2020.04.016","article-title":"Efficacy of different doses of recombinant human interferon \u03b11b inhalation for influenza in children","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hainan Med J"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.2097-115X.2025.08.022","article-title":"Clinical effect of aerosol inhalation of recombinant human interferon \u03b11b in the treatment of respiratory adenovirus infection in children","volume":"4","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Women Child Health Guide"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-021-01617-w","article-title":"Antiviral drugs arbidol and interferon alpha-1b contribute to reducing the severity of COVID-19 patients: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2025.101477","article-title":"Status of advanced respiratory syncytial virus antiviral therapeutics 2025","volume":"73","author":"Ruckel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-025-02666-1","article-title":"Antiviral treatment for viral pneumonia: current drugs and natural compounds","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.13220\/j.cnki.jipr.2019.06.008","article-title":"Inhalation properties of the nebulized recombinant human interferon \u03b11b injection","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Int Pharm Res"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"220","article-title":"Application of interferon in the treatment of acute viral pneumonia","author":"Han","year":"1982","journal-title":"Foreign Med Sci (Immunol Sect)"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112140-20240728-00523","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in children (2024 revision)","volume":"62","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin J Pediatr"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1009-4393.2019.05.062","article-title":"Clinical analysis of different routes of administration and different doses of interferon in the treatment of herpetic angina in children","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Contemp Med"},{"key":"B14","first-page":"99","article-title":"A comparative analysis of the efficacy of recombinant human interferon \u03b11b in different administration routes for the treatment of viral pneumonia in children","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Matern Child World"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1009-6663.2019.10.023","article-title":"Short-term effect and long-term prognosis evaluation of interferon a1b in treatment of children with bronchiolitis","volume":"24","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Pulm Med"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.14164\/j.cnki.cn11-5581\/r.2020.09.064","article-title":"Efficacy of interferon \u03b11b via different administration routes in treating bronchiolitis in children and its impact on long-term prognosis","volume":"14","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin J Mod Drug Appl"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1674-361X.2018.16.050","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the efficacy of interferon via different administration routes in the treatment of herpangina in children","volume":"16","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin Rural Health"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.16662\/j.cnki.1674-0742.2020.07.058","article-title":"Comparative analysis of different interferon routes for treating bronchiolitis in infants","volume":"39","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"China Foreign Med Treat"},{"key":"B19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of interferon via different administration routes in the treatment of herpangina in children","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diet Sci"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1671-3141.2021.89.039","article-title":"Efficacy analysis of recombinant human interferon \u03b11b via different administration routes in the treatment of herpangina in children","volume":"21","author":"Ji","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Latest Med Inf"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1672-0369.2022.14.043","article-title":"Comparison of effects of different administration routes of recombinant human interferon \u03b11b on children with bronchiolitis","volume":"34","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med J Chin People\u2019s Health"},{"key":"B22","first-page":"128","article-title":"Effect and safety of recombinant human interferon \u03b11b in the treatment of pediatric viral respiratory infection","volume":"132","author":"Ou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin J Mod Med"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1005-3697.2016.05.01","article-title":"Therapeutic effects analysis of recombinant human interferon \u03b1-1b on the infant bronchiolitis with different administration route","volume":"31","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J North Sichuan Med Coll"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1004-437X.2021.11.053","article-title":"Clinical effect comparison of recombinant human interferon \u03b11b in different administration routes for treating bronchiolitis in children","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Henan Med Res"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.19767\/j.cnki.32-1412.2019.01.018","article-title":"Efficacy comparison of recombinant human interferon administered by nebulization and injection in infants with bronchiolitis","volume":"33","author":"Si","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med J Commun"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1003-4706.2018.11.024","article-title":"Clinical effect of recombinant human interferon a-1b on herpangina by different delivery way","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Kunming Med Univ"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0228391","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228391","article-title":"A multi\u2014center randomized prospective study on the treatment of infant bronchiolitis with interferon \u03b11b nebulization","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B28","first-page":"38","article-title":"Comparative analysis of clinical effects of interferon \u03b1-1b nebulization inhalation and intramuscular injection in the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infection in children","volume":"30","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med J Liaoning"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.06.044","article-title":"Interferons in health and disease","volume":"188","author":"Boehmer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3581","article-title":"Regulation of type I interferon responses","volume":"14","author":"Ivashkiv","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13272","article-title":"Type I interferon and cancer","volume":"321","author":"Holicek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.03.007","article-title":"The conceptual foundations of innate immunity: taking stock 30 years later","volume":"57","author":"Pradeu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-025-05864-w","article-title":"Regulation of antiviral and antimicrobial innate immunity and immune evasion","volume":"82","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences: CMLS"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00605","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00605-2022","article-title":"Nebulised interferon-\u03b21a (SNG001) in hospitalised COVID-19: SPRINTER phase III study","volume":"9","author":"Monk","year":"2023","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2025.125426","article-title":"GB05, a safe and effective IFN\u03b11b inhalation solution for treating respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"673","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn101070-20241028-00694","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of nebulized inhalation of recombinant human interferon \u03b11b in the treatment of pediatric respiratory syncytial viral associated lower respiratory tract infections: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase \u2162 clinical study","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin J Pract Pediatr Clin Med"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2020.9350","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of interferon on neonates with respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia","volume":"20","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn101070-20200727-01254","article-title":"Guidelines for the rational use of antiviral drugs in children with viral respiratory diseases","volume":"5","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin J Appl Clin Pediatr"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s11783-011-0280-z","article-title":"Expert consensus on inhalation therapy for common respiratory diseases in children","volume":"27","author":"Hong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin J Pract Pediatr"},{"key":"B40","volume-title":"Guidelines for Standardized Management of Children\u2019s Inhalation Centers","author":"Shen","year":"2016"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn101070-20240828-00545","article-title":"Chinese pediatric guideline for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection (medical version, 2024)","volume":"39","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin J Pract Pediatr Clin Med"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.2095-428X.2018.17.006","article-title":"Expert consensus on the rational application of interferon alpha in pediatrics","volume":"33","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin J Pract Pediatr Clin Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn101070-20220610-00698","article-title":"Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in children: experts\u2019 consensus statement (fourth edition)","volume":"37","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin J Pract Pediatr Clin Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2025.1654973\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T05:35:59Z","timestamp":1761197759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2025.1654973\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2025.1654973"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2025.1654973","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"article-number":"1654973"}}