{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T16:53:25Z","timestamp":1784998405670,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We report an 8-year-old girl presenting with an 8-day history of cough, 5-day fever, and recent-onset conjunctival hyperemia and oral mucosal erosions. Laboratory testing confirmed\n                    <jats:italic>Mycoplasma pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection (IgM antibody and DNA positive). Chest x-ray demonstrated bilateral increased and blurred lung markings, consistent with acute bronchitis. Initial treatment with azithromycin and methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) improved respiratory symptoms but triggered a progressive rash involving the trunk, perineum, and anus. Adjuvant therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG, 22.5\u2005g) and continued immunomodulation with MPSS led to resolution of mucocutaneous manifestations by hospital day 10. This case highlights the potential for\n                    <jats:italic>M. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    to induce systemic immune-mediated reactions and underscores the importance of multimodal therapy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2025.1697245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T06:30:20Z","timestamp":1763015420000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Case Report: Mycoplasma pneumoniae-induced rash and mucositis (MIRM) in an 8-year-old girl: concise review of a challenging case."],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yun-Long","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He-Wen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1993","article-title":"Prevalence of atypical pathogens in patients with cough and community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Marchello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607970","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1607970","article-title":"Case report: Mycoplasma pneumoniae-induced rash and mucositis in a child","volume":"12","author":"Mo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm2305301","article-title":"Mycoplasma-induced rash and mucositis","volume":"389","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25284","DOI":"10.51894\/001c.25284","article-title":"Mycoplasma pneumoniae-induced rash and mucositis: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"6","author":"Lofgren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spartan Med Res J"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.06.026","article-title":"Mycoplasma pneumoniae-induced rash and mucositis as a syndrome distinct from Stevens-Johnson syndrome and erythema multiforme: a systematic review","volume":"72","author":"Canavan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.12482","article-title":"Mycoplasma pneumonia\u2013associated mucocutaneous disease in children: dilemmas in classification","volume":"31","author":"Prindaville","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.14780","article-title":"Recurrent reactive infectious mucocutaneous eruption (RIME) in two adolescents triggered by several distinct pathogens including SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A","volume":"38","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2019.3602","article-title":"Frequency and clinical presentation of mucocutaneous disease due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"156","author":"Meyer Sauteur","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2019.06.005","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumonia-induced mucositis","volume":"60","author":"Umapathi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Neonatol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.13921","article-title":"Two pediatric cases of influenza B-induced rash and mucositis: Stevens-Johnson syndrome or expansion of the Mycoplasma pneumoniae-induced rash with mucositis (MIRM) spectrum?","volume":"36","author":"Goyal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.14419","article-title":"Adenoviral-induced rash and mucositis: expanding the spectrum of reactive infectious mucocutaneous eruption","volume":"38","author":"G\u00e1mez-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2019.3602","article-title":"Frequency and clinical presentation of mucocutaneous disease due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children","volume":"156","author":"Meyer Sauteur","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2012.681","article-title":"Stevens-Johnson syndrome without skin lesions (fuchs syndrome): a literature review of adult cases with Mycoplasma cause","volume":"148","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"000977","DOI":"10.12890\/2018_000977","article-title":"Mycoplasma pneumoniae-associated mucositis: a recently described entity","volume":"5","author":"Z\u00e3o","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Case Rep Intern Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112140-20240730-00529","article-title":"Clinical analysis of 6 cases of Mycoplasma pneumoniae-induced rash and mucositis in children","volume":"63","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1177\/1203475419874444","article-title":"Treatment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae-induced rash and mucositis with cyclosporine [formula: see text]","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bcr2017220768","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2017-220768","article-title":"Mycoplasma pneumoniae-induced rash and mucositis: a recently described entity","volume":"2017","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2020.5166","article-title":"Evaluation of etanercept for treatment of reactive infectious mucocutaneous eruption","volume":"157","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2025.1697245\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T06:30:22Z","timestamp":1763015422000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2025.1697245\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"references-count":18,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2025.1697245"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2025.1697245","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"article-number":"1697245"}}