{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T18:51:35Z","timestamp":1792522295932,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The quality of life (QoL) of parents and caregivers of children with disabilities in Saudi Arabia is examined in this systematic review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fourteen cross-sectional studies published between 2020 and 2024 are included, encompassing 1,841 caregivers, of whom 60.2% are mothers, 23.1% fathers, and 18.4% other caregivers, caring for 1,460 children with disabilities. QoL is primarily assessed using the WHOQOL-BREF in 10 studies, followed by the SF-36 in two studies and the Beach Center Family Quality of Life Scale in one study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), cerebral palsy (CP), and Down syndrome (DS) are the most commonly reported conditions. Negative QoL outcomes are reported in at least one domain in 9 of the 10 WHOQOL-BREF studies. The physical domain is most frequently affected (50% of studies), followed by the social and environmental domains (40% each) and the psychological domain (30%). More than half of caregivers (53.6%) are reported to be unemployed, and poorer QoL is consistently associated with unemployment, lower income, limited education, and restricted access to support services.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lower QoL is most frequently reported by mothers and by caregivers of children with severe or multiple disabilities, highlighting the need for targeted support interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2026.1660247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T06:41:49Z","timestamp":1772779309000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The quality of life of parents of children with disabilities in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Abdullah Ahmed","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Education College of Education, Taif University","place":["Taif, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad S.","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University","place":["Taif, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atiah H.","family":"Almalki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University","place":["Taif, Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"Addiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, Health Science Campus, Taif University","place":["Taif, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majed A.","family":"Algarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University","place":["Taif, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20240024","DOI":"10.57197\/JDR-2024-0024","article-title":"The transformation to reduce the disability prevalence rates in Saudi Arabia: a theoretical analysis","volume":"3","author":"Malik","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Disabil Res"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.25122\/jml-2023-0385","article-title":"Disability inclusion assessment in primary healthcare centers in eastern Saudi Arabia: a way forward","volume":"16","author":"Yousef","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Life"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20240068","DOI":"10.57197\/JDR-2024-0068","article-title":"Bibliometric analysis of scientific research on children\u2019s disability in Saudi Arabia","volume":"3","author":"Alghadier","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Disabil Res"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/20473869.2021.1936849","article-title":"Examining the current practices of the individualized family services plan with young children with disabilities in Saudi Arabia","volume":"69","author":"Almalki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Dev Disabil"},{"key":"B5","article-title":"General Authority for Statistics, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","year":""},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.13109","article-title":"Challenging behaviour and its correlates in preschool-aged children with an intellectual disability in Saudi Arabia","volume":"68","author":"Alarifi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Intellect Disabil Res"},{"key":"B7","first-page":"346","article-title":"A qualitative, small-sample study of employment challenges for people with disabilities in Saudi Arabia","volume-title":"Healthcare (Basel)","author":"Abed","year":"2024"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20240089","DOI":"10.57197\/JDR-2024-0089","article-title":"Strategies for facilitating social integration of children with disabilities in Saudi Arabia","volume":"3","author":"Medabesh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Disabil Res"},{"key":"B9","first-page":"494","article-title":"Determinants of physical activity among children with disabilities","volume-title":"Healthcare (Basel)","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2023"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2206.2012.00898.x","article-title":"How to support families of children with disabilities? An exploratory study of social support services","volume":"19","author":"T\u00e9treault","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Fam Soc Work"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.35875\/1105.027.001.014","article-title":"The quality of the application of Saudi building code for children withdisabilities in Saudi Arabia; obstacles, challenges and proposed solutions: parents experiences","volume":"27","author":"Alsrhane","year":"2024","journal-title":"Al-Balqa J Res Studs"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1177\/10534512221093779","article-title":"Educating students with learning difficulties in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia","volume":"58","author":"Poch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Interv Sch Clin"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/jppi.12224","article-title":"Rethinking FQoL: the dynamic interplay between individual and family quality of life","volume":"14","author":"Boelsma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Policy Pract Intellect Disabil"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2024.104780","article-title":"Enhancing the quality of life of mothers of children with intellectual disabilities or autism: the role of disability-specific support","volume":"151","author":"Alnahdi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3406","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-022-05639-3","article-title":"Understanding and supporting attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the primary school classroom: perspectives of children with ADHD and their teachers","volume":"53","author":"McDougal","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15640","article-title":"Social determinants of health for children with cerebral palsy and their families","volume":"66","author":"Ostojic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"B17","article-title":"Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York","year":""},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2022.05.022","article-title":"Searching two or more databases decreased the risk of missing relevant studies: a metaresearch study","volume":"149","author":"Ewald","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-021-01295-w","article-title":"Quality assessment tools used in systematic reviews of in vitro studies: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Tran","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2020.103822","article-title":"Stress and emotional wellbeing of parents due to change in routine for children with autism Spectrum disorder (ASD) at home during COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia","volume":"108","author":"Alhuzimi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2022.103054","article-title":"Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among Saudi children between 2 and 4 years old in Riyadh","volume":"71","author":"AlBatti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2898","article-title":"Autism severity and its relationship to disability","volume":"16","author":"Waizbard-Bartov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1080\/20473869.2024.2362007","article-title":"Family quality of life of caregivers of individuals with autism, with other disabilities, and without disabilities: the case of Saudi Arabia","volume":"70","author":"Alnahdi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Dev Disabil"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613251334166","article-title":"Demographic, ecological and social predictors of quality of life among parents of autistic children: a multi-centre cross-sectional study","volume":"29","author":"Al-Janabi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpsy.2020.10.003","article-title":"Impact of ADHD symptoms on family functioning, family burden and parents\u2019 quality of life in a hospital area in Spain","volume":"35","author":"Pe\u00f1uelas-Calvo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B26","first-page":"2778","article-title":"The effect of the parents\u2019 anxiety and depression on the quality of life of children with cerebral palsy in Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia","volume":"25","author":"Alsaad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Sci"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-021-02986-z","article-title":"Quality of life of parents with children with congenital abnormalities: a systematic review with meta-analysis of assessment methods and levels of quality of life","volume":"31","author":"Garcia Rodrigues","year":"2022","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1080\/13229400.2021.1893791","article-title":"Parenting stress and life satisfaction in families of children with disabilities: the mediating effect of social support in three Arab speaking countries","volume":"29","author":"Emam","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Fam Stud"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3109\/01942638.2015.1076558","article-title":"A comparison of the quality of life of Arab mothers of children with and without chronic disabilities","volume":"36","author":"Manee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys Occup Ther Pediatr"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1097\/JNR.0000000000000146","article-title":"The reliability and validity of the arabic world health organization quality of life-BREF instrument among family caregivers of relatives with psychiatric illnesses in Jordan","volume":"25","author":"Dalky","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nurs Res"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-022-01422-8","article-title":"Family quality of life perceived by mothers of children with ASD and ADHD","volume":"55","author":"Romaniuk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-023-04519-8","article-title":"Walking capacity and its association with quality of life among children with down syndrome in Saudi Arabia","volume":"24","author":"Alhammad","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32160-7","article-title":"Migraine: epidemiology and systems of care","volume":"397","author":"Ashina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00763-1","article-title":"Global epidemiology of migraine and its implications for public health and health policy","volume":"19","author":"Steiner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-020-01110-9","article-title":"A global real-world assessment of the impact on health-related quality of life and work productivity of migraine in patients with insufficient versus good response to triptan medication","volume":"21","author":"Lombard","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19210","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.19210","article-title":"Quality of life and disability among migraine patients: a single-center study in AlAhsa, Saudi Arabia","volume":"13","author":"Al Ghadeer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.57197\/JDR-2023-0016","article-title":"Quality of life among caregivers of children with disabilities in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a systematic review","volume":"2","author":"Asiri","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Disabil Res"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0297111","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0297111","article-title":"Physical activity status and its association with quality of life among children with down syndrome in Saudi Arabia: a comparative cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"Alqahtani","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.33546\/bnj.3624","article-title":"Health-promoting activities among Saudi Arabian parents of children with disabilities: a cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Belitung Nurs J"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.18231\/j.jpmhh.2020.006","article-title":"Factors affecting quality of life among parents having a child with autism spectrum disorder in Jeddah, 2019 (cross-sectional study)","volume":"6","author":"Subke","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Prev Med Holist Health"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38102","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000038102","article-title":"Exploring quality of life, discrimination, and knowledge of parents of ADHD children in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"103","author":"Alhefdhi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20240050","DOI":"10.57197\/JDR-2024-0050","article-title":"Quality of life among children with cerebral palsy in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Various factors influencing it: a cross-sectional study","volume":"3","author":"Tedla","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Disabil Res"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3705","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S440190","article-title":"Caregiver\u2019s quality of life among children with cerebral palsy in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and Various influencing factors: a single cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Tedla","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Multidiscip Healthc"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2024.04.008","article-title":"Deciphering the correlation of depression, quality of life, and COVID-19 challenges in people with disability: a Saudi Arabian perspective","volume":"17","author":"Asdaq","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51645","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.51645","article-title":"Quality of life of autistic children and supported programs in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"16","author":"Alasiri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4228","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19074228","article-title":"Role of environmental quality of life in physical activity status of individuals with and without physical disabilities in Saudi Arabia","volume":"19","author":"Zahra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70161","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.70161","article-title":"Assessment of the quality of life and family function in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder caregivers in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia","volume":"16","author":"Algadeeb","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.104428","article-title":"The quality of life of parents of children with down syndrome in a tertiary care hospital: a qualitative research study at Saudi Arabia","volume":"81","author":"AlAhmari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.3390\/children11060678","article-title":"The ripple effect: quality of life and mental health of parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Alenezi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4103\/jfcm.JFCM_157_19","article-title":"Effect of autism on parental quality of life in Arar city, Saudi Arabia","volume":"27","author":"Alenazi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Family Community Med"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e41320","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.41320","article-title":"Quality of life among family caregivers of disabled children in Saudi Arabia","volume":"15","author":"Sulaimani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11442","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111442","article-title":"Quality of life, needs and fears of mothers of children with disabilities in Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 lockdown","volume":"18","author":"Al Awaji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.5742\/MEWFM.2023.95256038","article-title":"Quality of life among the parents of Saudi Arabian children with autistic spectrum disorder, Riyadh, KSA","volume":"21","author":"Alhazmi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Middle East J Fam Med"},{"key":"B55","first-page":"145","article-title":"Parenting stress among mothers of children with different physical, mental, and psychological problems","volume":"19","author":"Feizi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Res Med Sci"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1177\/1053451217712956","article-title":"Parental stress in families of children with disabilities","volume":"53","author":"Hsiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Interv Sch Clin"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2019.03.001","article-title":"Stigma experienced by families of individuals with intellectual disabilities and autism: a systematic review","volume":"89","author":"Mitter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13388","article-title":"Systematic review of interventions for reducing stigma experienced by children with disabilities and their families in low-and middle-income countries: state of the evidence","volume":"25","author":"Smythe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5063","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S434900","article-title":"Anxiety, depression, quality of life, and family support among family caregivers of children with disabilities","volume":"16","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3390\/children11020239","article-title":"The impact of demographic characteristics on parenting stress among parents of children with disabilities: a cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Scheibner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.37268\/mjphm\/vol.23\/no.1\/art.1009","article-title":"Association of socio-demographic, clinical and feeding characteristics with quality of life among caregivers of disabled children in terengganu, Malaysia","volume":"23","author":"Ismail","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mal J Public Health Med"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2016.07.007","article-title":"Health and quality of life among the caregivers of children with disabilities: a review of literature","volume":"23","author":"Isa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0240921","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240921","article-title":"The psychosocial and economic impacts on female caregivers and families caring for children with a disability in Belu district, Indonesia","volume":"15","author":"Asa","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.4236\/jss.2021.910015","article-title":"Challenges faced by Nigerian parents with disabled children in caring for them","volume":"9","author":"Daniel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open J Soc Sci"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20240059","DOI":"10.57197\/JDR-2024-0059","article-title":"Utilizing semantic web for improving quality of life among family caregivers of disabled children: a review in context of Saudi vision 2030","volume":"3","author":"Alharbi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Disabil Res"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S447151","article-title":"Evaluating Parents\u2019 concerns, needs, and levels of satisfaction with the services provided for ASD children in Saudi Arabia","volume":"17","author":"Al Awaji","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Multidiscip Healthc"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2026.1660247\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T06:41:50Z","timestamp":1772779310000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2026.1660247\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2026.1660247"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2026.1660247","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"article-number":"1660247"}}