{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T07:11:56Z","timestamp":1773645116172,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) is a significant causative agent of a diverse range of clinical manifestations in children. It is the primary cause of pediatric \u201cerythema infectiosum,\u201d also known as \u201cfifth disease.\u201d The virus can also cause hydrops fetalis during in-utero infections. Global serosurveys indicate that approximately 50% of individuals acquire protective immunity against the virus by the age 15; however, seroprevalence data vary depending on the geographic region and population studied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the present study, we report epidemiological data on B19V infectivity among pediatric patients in the southern region (Aseer region) of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 437 pediatric patients (225 males and 212 females) attending major regional hospitals in the Aseer region of Saudi Arabia. Serum samples were tested for B19V-specific IgG and IgM antibodies using an indirect ELISA system. The seroprevalence of the virus was evaluated, and its association with age, gender, and clinical conditions (including diabetes and febrile illness) among children was analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The overall seropositivity rates for B19V-specific IgG and IgM were 32.5% and 6.2%, respectively, while 2.8% of the total tested patients were positive for both IgG and IgM antibodies. Anti-B19V IgG seropositivity increased significantly with age among the children (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001), whereas no significant differences in anti-B19V IgM seropositivity were observed across the different age groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.193). Furthermore, anti-B19V IgG seropositivity was significantly higher among patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) compared with those with other clinical conditions. The IgG seroprevalence rates were 40.1%, 18.8%, and 38.3% among T1DM, febrile, and other pediatric patients, respectively. In contrast, no statistically significant association was observed between anti-B19V IgM seropositivity and underlying health condition, with corresponding rates of 3.1%, 9.4%, and 8.3% among diabetic, febrile, and other pediatric patients, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest cumulative childhood exposure to the virus, even though no major outbreaks were reported in the region during the study period. The results also underscore the need for larger, community-based surveillance studies to enable timely outbreak detection and the implementation of appropriate control measures to limit virus transmission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2026.1706955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T06:40:03Z","timestamp":1773643203000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differential patterns of human parvovirus B19 seropositivity among diabetic and febrile children and adolescents: evidence from the Aseer region of Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ghanem Ali","family":"Al-Shahrani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Serology, King Abdullah Hospital","place":["Bisha, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Mossa","family":"Al-Hakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University","place":["Abha, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yahya Mohamed","family":"Shabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University","place":["Abha, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdulah","family":"Jarboa Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University","place":["Abha, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdelwahid Saeed","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University","place":["Abha, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-020-04632-4","article-title":"Reorganizing the family Parvoviridae: a revised taxonomy independent of the canonical approach based on host association","volume":"165","author":"P\u00e9nzes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(75)91074-0","article-title":"Parvovirus-like particles in human sera","volume":"1","author":"Cossart","year":"1975","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70380","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.70380","article-title":"Parvovirus B19 rebound","volume":"97","author":"Ranno","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.4149\/av_2014_03_199","article-title":"Human parvovirus B19: a review","volume":"58","author":"Rogo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Virol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.3390\/life14121667","article-title":"Parvovirus B19 in pregnancy\u2014do we screen for fifth disease or not?","volume":"14","author":"Malutan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.3.485-505.2002","article-title":"Human parvovirus B19","volume":"15","author":"Heegaard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14020139","article-title":"Parvovirus B19 infection and pregnancy: review of the current knowledge","volume":"14","author":"Dittmer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3148.2007.00765.x","article-title":"Human erythrovirus B19 and blood transfusion-an update","volume":"17","author":"Parsyan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transfus Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.103998","article-title":"Aplastic anemia induced by human parvovirus B19 infection in an immunocompetent adult male without prior hematological disorders: a case report","volume":"79","author":"Bhattarai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg (Lond)"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1080\/08880010802341724","article-title":"A child with human parvovirus B19 infection induced aplastic anemia and acute hepatitis: effectiveness of immunosuppressive therapy","volume":"25","author":"Al-Abdwani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0008-2015","article-title":"Parvovirus B19","author":"Landry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"B12","article-title":"Increase in human parvovirus B19 activity in the United States","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Alert Network"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-025-06228-2","article-title":"Seroepidemiology (2018\u20132024) and epidemic spread of an emerging human parvovirus B19 genotype 1 (subtype 1a2) variant in Hungary, 2023\/2024","volume":"170","author":"T\u00f3th","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2005.01708.x","article-title":"Human parvovirus B19 infection in children with new-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"22","author":"O\u2019Bryan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.22578\/IJMS.22.2.4","article-title":"Detection of Human Parvovirus B19 IgG in a group of Iraqi children with newly onset type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"22","author":"Khudair","year":"2024","journal-title":"Iraqi J Med Sci"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_202403_35614","article-title":"Association between Parvovirus B19 and thyroid\/celiac autoantibodies among T1DM pediatric patients","volume":"28","author":"Chandramoorthy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199501000-00006","article-title":"An epidemic of aplastic crisis caused by human parvovirus B19","volume":"14","author":"Mallouh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8229.97524","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies to human parvovirus b19 in Saudi women of childbearing age in Makkah","volume":"14","author":"Ghazi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Family Community Med"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.12865\/CHSJ.46.01.03","article-title":"Prevalence of human parvovirus B19 in neurological patients: findings from region of western Saudi Arabia","volume":"46","author":"Johargy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Health Sci J"},{"key":"B20","first-page":"295","article-title":"Human parvovirus B19 infection among patients with chronic blood disorders","volume":"23","author":"Badr","year":"2002","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-4453(93)93733-k","article-title":"Igg and IgM antibodies to human parvovirus B19 in the serum of patients with a clinical diagnosis of infection with the virus and in the general population of Saudi Arabia","volume":"27","author":"al-Frayh","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.103760","article-title":"Detection of human parvovirus B19 in cancer patients using ELISA and real-time PCR","volume":"30","author":"Zaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12162","article-title":"Persistence of Parvovirus B19 (B19V) DNA and humoral immune response in B19V-infected blood donors","volume":"107","author":"Juhl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1159\/000215736","article-title":"Seroprevalence of erythrovirus B19 IgG antibody among pediatric patients in Makkah and Jeddah, kingdom of Saudi Arabia","volume":"18","author":"Johargy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8229.181010","article-title":"Seroprevalence of erythrovirus B19 in Saudi pregnant women","volume":"23","author":"Johargy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Family Community Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-014-2065-8","article-title":"Persistence of human parvovirus B19 in tissues from adult individuals: a comparison with serostatus and its clinical utility","volume":"159","author":"Aravindh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1409-79","article-title":"Serological prevalence of human parvovirus B19 in diseases or disorders related to different human body systems","volume":"46","author":"Akta\u015f","year":"2016","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23757","article-title":"Susceptibility to cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19 and age-dependent differences in levels of rubella antibodies among pregnant women","volume":"86","author":"Barlinn","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.4103\/0377-4929.138748","article-title":"Human parvovirus B19 in Iranian pregnant women: a serologic survey","volume":"57","author":"Khameneh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12591","article-title":"Parvovirus B19 genotype 2 in blood donations","volume":"54","author":"Eis-H\u00fcbinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"B31","first-page":"140","article-title":"Healthcare-associated transmission of parvovirus B19 arthropathy","volume":"78","author":"Rosenstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull Hosp Jt Dis"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1097\/00002281-200007000-00010","article-title":"Parvovirus-associated arthritis","volume":"12","author":"Moore","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.3390\/v15051124","article-title":"Clinical presentation of parvovirus B19 infection in adults living with HIV\/AIDS: a case series","volume":"15","author":"Mendes-de-Almeida","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-023-00528-5","article-title":"Human parvovirus B19 infection in malignant and benign tissue specimens of different head and neck anatomical subsites","volume":"18","author":"Abuei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect Agent Cancer"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy630","article-title":"An outbreak of human parvovirus B19 hidden by dengue fever","volume":"68","author":"Di Paola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)07199-9","article-title":"Human parvovirus B19 and meningoencephalitis","volume":"358","author":"Yoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140780","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/140780","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome associated with primary parvovirus B19 infection in an HIV-1-infected patient","volume":"2012","author":"Bucher Praz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Case Rep Med"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2024.e02135","article-title":"Human parvovirus B19 as an unusual cause of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: a case report","volume":"39","author":"Creuzet","year":"2024","journal-title":"IDCases"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2026.1706955\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T06:40:06Z","timestamp":1773643206000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2026.1706955\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2026.1706955"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2026.1706955","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"article-number":"1706955"}}