{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T16:25:03Z","timestamp":1769703903541,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n Multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) is life-threatening complication of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children. The objective of this study is to compare the clinical features, and follow-up results of MIS-C patients between the first and second waves of the disease.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n This study was conducted retrospectively in children with MIS-C who were hospitalized in Pamukkale University Hospital. The first wave was defined as October 2020-June 2021 and the second wave as August 2021-February 2022. The clinical characteristics of the patients were recorded. The patients were evaluated by echocardiography at the sixth and twelfth months.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Seventy were diagnosed in the first wave and 32 were diagnosed in the second wave, with 102 children included in the study. Pulmonary system involvement was more common in the first wave (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.043). In the second wave, IL-6 (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.033), ESR (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.001), ALT (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.048), LDH (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.009), lipase (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.05), and D-Dimer (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.027) were found higher. Elevated ESR (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), LDH (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.038), and ALT (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.008), thrombocytopenia (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.011), and pericardial effusion were more frequent in the second group (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.024). At the 12th month evaluation, it was observed that coronary aneurysm persisted in one patient each in the first and second waves groups.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The findings of this study revealed a significant increase in laboratory parameters of the MIS-C patients in time throughout the COVID-19 waves. There was no significant difference between the cohorts about different waves in terms of clinical findings and treatments. The echocardiographic findings of the patients have also not differed significantly between follow-ups.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2026.1710510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T06:42:39Z","timestamp":1769668959000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of presentation, treatment and follow-up outcomes in first and second wave cohorts of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"M\u00fcnevver","family":"Y\u0131lmaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dolunay","family":"G\u00fcrses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Merve","family":"O\u011fuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcl\u015fah","family":"K\u0131lba\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sel\u00e7uk","family":"Y\u00fcksel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, \u00c7anakkale Onsekiz Mart University, \u00c7anakkale","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac253","article-title":"Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children-United States, February 2020-July 2021","volume":"75","author":"Miller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.0292","article-title":"Short-term outcomes of corticosteroid monotherapy in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children","volume":"176","author":"Villacis-Nunez","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2021.08.006","article-title":"Multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C): a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes","volume":"98","author":"Santos","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatr (Rio J)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003388","article-title":"Children\u2019s national hospital MIS-C taskforce. Comparison of first and second wave cohorts of multisystem inflammatory disease syndrome in children","volume":"41","author":"Harahsheh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e372","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000002976","article-title":"Comparison of laboratory and hemodynamic time series data across original, alpha, and delta variants in patients with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children","volume":"23","author":"Jain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(22)00100-6","article-title":"Incidence and clinical phenotype of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children after infection with the SARS-CoV-2 delta variant by vaccination status: a Danish nationwide prospective cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Nygaard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc 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hospital: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"5","author":"Penner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-022-03052-2","article-title":"Longitudinal cardiac outcomes of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Yasuhara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in 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