{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T22:31:02Z","timestamp":1787524262354,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nail-patella syndrome (NPS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by skeletal and renal abnormalities. Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on four main features: nail dysplasia, patellar and elbow abnormalities, and the presence of iliac horns. NPS affects approximately 1 in 50,000 individuals. Its presentation is highly heterogeneous, even within families, which may delay recognition. Pathogenic variants have been identified in the LMX1B gene located on chromosome 9q34. Although best known for its orthopedic manifestations, NPS may also involve other systems, notably the kidneys and eyes, leading to nephropathy or glaucoma that can progress to severe morbidity. Clinical features may be apparent from birth but will evolve over the life course, thus highlighting the need for long-term monitoring. Management requires a multidisciplinary approach, with orthopedics playing a central role. Surgical decisions, particularly for lower-limb pathology, is individualized and guided by symptom burden and functional impairment. This narrative review summarizes the current literature on NPS, including its epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and natural history. It reviews diagnostic challenges based on clinical and radiologic features. Finally, it critically appraises reported surgical management strategies, with particular emphasis on knee pathology and associated complications, with aims to guide current clinicians.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2026.1744875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T10:05:12Z","timestamp":1770199512000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Orthopedic manifestations and management of nail-patella syndrome: a narrative review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Amandine","family":"Beaug\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viola","family":"Sbampato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Orthopedics and Traumatology Unit, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva","place":["Geneva, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Vazquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Orthopedics and Traumatology Unit, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva","place":["Geneva, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"De Marco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Orthopedics and Traumatology Unit, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva","place":["Geneva, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Steiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Orthopedics and Traumatology Unit, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva","place":["Geneva, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Dayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Orthopedics and Traumatology Unit, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva","place":["Geneva, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitri","family":"Ceroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Orthopedics and Traumatology Unit, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva","place":["Geneva, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.40.3.153","article-title":"Nail patella syndrome: a review of the phenotype aided by developmental biology","volume":"40","author":"Sweeney","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.2005.00508.x","article-title":"Human syndromes with congenital patellar anomalies and the underlying gene defects","volume":"68","author":"Bongers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Genet"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-002-0911-5","article-title":"Nail-patella syndrome. Overview on clinical and molecular findings","volume":"17","author":"Bongers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3012","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-016-4044-y","article-title":"Management of patellar problems in skeletally mature patients with nail-patella syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Louboutin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2004.10.013","article-title":"Arthroscopic findings in the knee in nail-patella syndrome: a case report","volume":"20","author":"Doughty","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"B6","first-page":"133","article-title":"Fine mapping of the nail-patella syndrome","volume":"60","author":"McIntosh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.98B4.37025","article-title":"Radiological characteristics of the knee joint in nail patella syndrome","volume":"98","author":"Tigchelaar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone Joint J"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198901000-00017","article-title":"Shoulder girdle dysplasia associated with nail patella syndrome. A case report and literature review","volume":"238","author":"Loomer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1159\/000527234","article-title":"Nail- patella syndrome and glaucoma: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Lavorante","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Rep Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012080788","article-title":"Lmx1b is essential for the maintenance of differentiated podocytes in adult kidneys","volume":"24","author":"Burghardt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfu129","article-title":"A novel LMX1B mutation in a family with end- stage renal disease of \u201cunknown cause\u201d","volume":"8","author":"Edwards","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.31138","article-title":"Increased symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and Major depressive disorder symptoms in nail-patella syndrome: potential association with LMX1B loss-of- function","author":"L\u00f3pez-Arvizu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet B"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(73)90025-9","article-title":"The nephropathy of the nail-patella syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Bennett","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5201446","article-title":"Genotype-phenotype studies in nail patella syndrome show that LMX1B mutation location is involved in the risk of developing nephropathy","volume":"13","author":"Bongers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.5414\/cnp69377","article-title":"Nail- patella syndrome and renal involvement. Description of three cases and literature review","volume":"69","author":"Granata","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.2005.00191.x","article-title":"Nail patella syndrome revisited: 50 years after linkage","volume":"69","author":"McIntosh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Hum Genet"},{"key":"B17","first-page":"133","volume-title":"Nail-patella syndrome, a review. Atlas of Genetic Diagnosis and Counseling","author":"Meyrier","year":"1990"},{"key":"B18","first-page":"700","article-title":"The nail patella syndrome","volume":"75","author":"Roeckherath","year":"1951","journal-title":"Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mporth.2009.05.011","article-title":"Nail-patella syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"B20","first-page":"300","article-title":"Onycho-osteodysplasia\u2014the nail patella syndrome. A report of two cases","volume":"12","author":"Oon","year":"1971","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1148\/53.1.88","article-title":"Iliac horns. An osseous manifestation of hereditary arthrodysplasia associated with dystrophy of the fingernails","volume":"53","author":"Thompson","year":"1949","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)64875-4","article-title":"Congenital absence or delayed development of the patella","volume":"150","author":"Little","year":"1897","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2015.11929265","article-title":"Radiographic findings in the nail-patella syndrome","volume":"28","author":"West","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc AMIA Annu Fall Symp"},{"key":"B24","first-page":"363","article-title":"Kongenitale erbliche luxation der patella nach aussen","volume":"46","author":"Berl","year":"1909","journal-title":"Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift"},{"key":"B25","first-page":"465","article-title":"Family with anonychia, patellar abnormalities and dislocation of the radius: dominant characteristics over five generations","volume":"15","author":"Osterreicher","year":"1931","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Menschliche Vererbungs"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1933.02740120020008","article-title":"A hereditary arthrodysplasia associated with hereditary dystrophy of the nails","volume":"100","author":"Turner","year":"1933","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-1037-9","volume-title":"Nail-Patella Syndrome. Atlas of Genetic Diagnosis and Counseling","author":"Chen","year":"2012"},{"key":"B28","first-page":"252","article-title":"Hereditary onychoosteodysplasia","author":"Duncan","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"B29","first-page":"633","article-title":"Osseous dysplasia and dystrophy of the nails; review of the literature and report of a case","volume":"60","author":"Mino","year":"1948","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.49B1.164","article-title":"Nail-patella syndrome with iliac horns and hereditary nephropathy: necropsy report and anatomical dissection","volume":"49","author":"Darlington","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9394(14)70866-9","article-title":"Cosegregation of open-angle glaucoma and the nail-patella syndrome","volume":"124","author":"Lichter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Ophtal"},{"key":"B32","first-page":"1929","article-title":"194 A>C (Q65P) mutation in the LMX1B gene in patients with nail-patella syndrome associated with glaucoma","volume":"17","author":"Romero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197254060-00025","article-title":"Osteo-onychodystrophy with nephropathy and renal osteodystrophy: a case report","volume":"54","author":"Eisenberg","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1934.02750240023009","article-title":"A typical hereditary syndrome. Dystrophy of the nails, congenital defect of the patella and congenital defect of the head of the radius","volume":"102","author":"Aschner","year":"1934","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"rjae207","DOI":"10.1093\/jscr\/rjae207","article-title":"Case report: multidisciplinary approach in diagnosis and treatment of fong disease","volume":"2024","author":"Gecheva","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1955.tb01356.x","article-title":"Genetical linkage between the ABO and nail-patella loci","volume":"19","author":"Renwick","year":"1955","journal-title":"Ann Hum Genet"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0598-47","article-title":"Mutations in LMX1B cause abnormal skeletal patterning and renal dysplasia in nail patella syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Dreyer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-016-3462-x","article-title":"Spectrum of LMX1B mutations: from nail\u2013patella syndrome to isolated nephropathy","volume":"32","author":"Harita","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.16239","article-title":"A novel LMX1B mutation: nail-patella syndrome manifesting with isolated nail disorders","volume":"61","author":"Miao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.12809\/hkmj2411483","article-title":"Novel LMX1B variants in nail-patella syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Leung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.CC.20.00216","article-title":"Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty in a patient with nail patella sydnrome; A case report","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JBJS Case Connect"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-1878(199801)20:1%3C58::AID-BIES9%3E3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Delimiting development","volume":"20","author":"Curtiss","year":"1998","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410320510","article-title":"Disease-specific patterns of locus coeruleus cell loss","volume":"32","author":"German","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9525(94)90034-5","article-title":"The LIM domain: a new structural motif found in zinc-finger-like proteins","volume":"10","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Garc\u00eda","year":"1994","journal-title":"TIG"},{"key":"B45","first-page":"606","article-title":"Linkage of the loci for the nail-patella syndrome and adenylate kinase","volume":"21","author":"Schleutermann","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2015.77","article-title":"Nail\u2013atella syndrome: clinical and molecular data in 55 families raising the hypothesis of a genetic heterogeneity","volume":"24","author":"Ghoumid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0598-51","article-title":"Limb and kidney defects in Lmx1b mutant mice suggest an involvement of LMX1B in human nail patella syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-025-03911-0","article-title":"Lessons learned from a muscle study","volume":"20","author":"Paul","year":"2025","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199111000-00007","article-title":"Nail patella syndrome: a review of 44 orthopaedic patients","volume":"11","author":"Guidera","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.4103\/ijri.IJRI_438_16","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of nail patella syndrome: a case report","volume":"27","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Radiol Imaging"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.1987.tb00288.x","article-title":"The horn: a pathognomonic feature of paediatric bone dysplasias","volume":"23","author":"Sartoris","year":"1987","journal-title":"Aust Paediatr J"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00351348","article-title":"Radiology of postnatal skeletal development","volume":"11","author":"Ogden","year":"1984","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e241833","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-241833","article-title":"Diagnosis nail-patella syndrome: can it be so simple?","volume":"14","author":"Sasidharan","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2015.09.033","article-title":"Nail patella syndrome: knee symptoms and surgical outcomes. A questionnaire-based survey","volume":"101","author":"Tigchelaar","year":"2015","journal-title":"OTSR"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.2147\/IMCRJ.S345262","article-title":"Total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis in a patient with nail patella syndrome \u2013 A case report","volume":"14","author":"Serrano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Med Case Rep J"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-024-07242-2","article-title":"The first presentation of a case of nail-patella syndrome newly diagnosed at the onset of rheumatoid arthritis: a case report","volume":"25","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/01202412-200301000-00002","article-title":"Nail-patella syndrome: long term evolution","author":"Beguirist\u00e1in","year":"2003","journal-title":"JPediatr Orthop B"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2017.08.001","article-title":"Nail-patella syndrome\u2013associated nephropathy. AJKD atlas of renal pathology","volume":"70","author":"Najafian","year":"2017"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.21466\/ac.NSIP2.2013","article-title":"Nail-patella syndrome in pregnancy","volume":"2","author":"Wood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anaesthesia Cases"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1148\/47.5.517","article-title":"Iliac horns (symmetrical bilateral central posterior iliac processes)","volume":"47","author":"Fong","year":"1946","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-200006000-00020","article-title":"Bilateral accessory iliac horns pathognomonic findings in nail-patella syndrome. Scintigraphic evidence on bone scan","volume":"25","author":"Goshen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2024.06.058","article-title":"Radiological manifestations of nail- atella syndrome in a 56-year-old female: a case report","volume":"19","author":"Sitaula","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiol Case Rep"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02015792","article-title":"Clavicular horn: another bony projection in nail-patella syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Yarali","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02388103","article-title":"Computed tomography of \u201ciliac horns\u201d in hereditary osteo-onychodysplasia (nail-patella syndrome)","volume":"17","author":"Reed","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artd.2021.02.018","article-title":"Robotic-Assisted lateral unicompartmental knee arthroplasty in a patient with nail-patella syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Vakharia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthroplasty Today"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1051\/sicotj\/2016017","article-title":"Nail- patella-syndrome in a young patient followed up over 10 years: of the sagittal trochlear septum for patellofemoral pathology","volume":"2","author":"Konrads","year":"2016","journal-title":"SICOT-J"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3180","article-title":"Treatment of patellar instability in a case of hereditary onycho-osteodysplasia (nail-patella syndrome) with medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction: a case report","volume":"6","author":"Gong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0997","article-title":"Skeletal integrity in patients with nail patella syndrome","volume":"90","author":"Towers","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0223(199808)18:8%3C854::AID-PD343%3E3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Ultrasound prenatal diagnosis of the nail-patellar syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Feingold","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.1999.18.5.387","article-title":"Early prenatal diagnosis of nail.patellar syndrome by ultrasonography","volume":"18","author":"Pinette","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2013.03.031","article-title":"Correction of malformative patellar instability in patients with nail-patella syndrome: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"99","author":"Lippacher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22.00679","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.CC.22.00754","article-title":"Total knee arthroplasty using computer- assisted navigation in a patient with nail-patella syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Courington","year":"2023","journal-title":"JBJS Case Connect"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artd.2023.101099","article-title":"Total knee arthroplasty without reduction of the patella for genu valgum with permanent dislocation of the patella: a case of nail patella syndrome","volume":"43","author":"Ishibashi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthroplasty Today"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S107","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1324809","article-title":"Intercondylar synovial septum in two patients with nail-patella syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Heckman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Knee Surg"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2018.11.014","article-title":"Total knee arthroplasty in a patient with nail-patella syndrome (NPS)","volume":"26","author":"Curbo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Knee J"},{"key":"B76","first-page":"6","article-title":"Nail-patella syndrome in Saudi Arabia with new features and surgical procedures: the first described study","volume":"6","author":"Juma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Medscape Gen Med"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2006.07.034","article-title":"Bilateral recurrent patellar dislocation in a patient with isolated patella aplasia-hypoplasia","volume":"23","author":"Nomura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2401-1_172","volume-title":"Nail-patella Syndrome. Atlas of Genetic Diagnosis and Counseling","author":"Chen","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2026.1744875\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T10:05:15Z","timestamp":1770199515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2026.1744875\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"references-count":78,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2026.1744875"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2026.1744875","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"article-number":"1744875"}}