{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T05:23:48Z","timestamp":1782365028786,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and foot biomechanical disorders are significant public health concerns, impacting physical function and quality of life. Despite national screening mandates, regional data remain sparse.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a school-based screening study to investigate the prevalence of scoliosis and foot-related biomechanical abnormalities among adolescents in Haidian District, Beijing, China. A total of 1,419 participants (739 males and 680 female) from primary and middle schools underwent spinal and plantar health assessments using standardized protocols, including the Adams forward bend test with a scoliometer, Foot Posture Index-6 (FPI-6), and static\/dynamic plantar pressure analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This cross-sectional study of 1,419 Beijing adolescents revealed a 2.04% prevalence of scoliosis (29 cases), showing significant female predominance (3.53% vs. 0.68%;\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200914.397,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001,\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c6<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.101, Cramer's V\u2009=\u20090.101). Scoliosis prevalence showed distinct developmental patterns, with a significant increasing trend across grades (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.011). Clear peaks were observed in 6th (4.22%) and 9th (4.35%) grades, where cases significantly exceeded expected counts, though the reliability of estimates for upper grades (11th-12th) may be limited by smaller sample sizes (48 and 18 participants, respectively). In contrast, the detection rate of foot abnormalities was slightly higher among males (47.8% vs. 43.4%), this difference did not reach statistical significance (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.098), and the effect size was negligible (Phi\u2009=\u20090.044). This indicates that foot abnormalities represent a common health concern affecting both sexes. Significant variation in foot abnormality prevalence was observed across grades [\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      (11)\u2009=\u200936.98,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001], peaking sharply at school entry (62.7% in 1st grade) and then declining rapidly through elementary school. Prevalence stabilized during middle adolescence, with a non-significant apparent rebound in the small 12th-grade sample requiring cautious interpretation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Key findings highlight the need for early and targeted interventions within school health programs. A gender-stratified approach is recommended: implementing gender-sensitive screening for scoliosis, while adopting universal promotion measures for foot health. Specific priorities include increasing flatfoot screening frequency among 1st\u20132nd grade boys and enhancing posture-related health education for adolescent girls during key transitional growth phases. These strategies aim to mitigate long-term musculoskeletal complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2026.1749070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T05:43:56Z","timestamp":1775022236000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["School-based screening for scoliosis and foot biomechanical abnormalities: a study of prevalence, plantar pressure, and gait among adolescents in Haidian District, Beijing"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zelong","family":"Miao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology, School of Teacher\u2019s Education, Hainan Normal University","place":["Haikou, China"]},{"name":"Beijing DCN Orthopaedic Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengxin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing DCN Orthopaedic Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaohui","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing DCN Orthopaedic Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianxiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing DCN Orthopaedic Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing DCN Orthopaedic Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenxi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing DCN Orthopaedic Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuansong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing DCN Orthopaedic Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing DCN Orthopaedic Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dechen","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing DCN Orthopaedic Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing DCN Orthopaedic Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2174\/1874325001610010143","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"10","author":"Choudhry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Orthop J"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90572-X","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"344","author":"Lonstein","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1772168","article-title":"Scoliosis","volume":"27","author":"Lacroix","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin Musculoskelet Radiol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399049","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1399049","article-title":"Prevalence of scoliosis in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11832-012-0457-4","article-title":"Epidemiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"7","author":"Konieczny","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Child Orthop"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.K.01450","article-title":"Polygenic threshold model with sex dimorphism in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: the carter effect","volume":"94","author":"Kruse","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-024-05077-0","article-title":"The prevalence of scoliosis among adolescents in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000652","article-title":"Research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"133","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2018.02.003","article-title":"Children\u2019s and parents\u2019 perspectives of health-related quality of life in newly diagnosed adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"15","author":"Kontodimopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Orthop"},{"key":"B10","first-page":"193","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: diagnosis and management","volume":"89","author":"Horne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-020-04608-4","article-title":"Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"36","author":"Addai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60101637","article-title":"Effects of a long-term supervised schroth exercise program on the severity of scoliosis and quality of life in individuals with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a randomized clinical trial study. Medicina (kaunas","volume":"60","author":"Kyrkousis","year":"1637","journal-title":"Lithuania"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1949-7","article-title":"SPRY4 Is responsible for pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis by contributing to osteogenic differentiation and melatonin response of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2009.04.010","article-title":"Estrogen receptor polymorphism, estrogen content and idiopathic scoliosis in human: a possible genetic linkage","volume":"116","author":"Esposito","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-015-2742-6","article-title":"Participation of sex hormones in multifactorial pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"39","author":"Kulis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-010-1649-6","article-title":"Timing of menarche in Chinese girls with and without adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: current results and review of the literature","volume":"20","author":"Mao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200210000-00016","article-title":"Enlargement of growth plate chondrocytes modulated by sustained mechanical loading","volume":"84","author":"Stokes","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-007-0442-7","article-title":"Analysis and simulation of progressive adolescent scoliosis by biomechanical growth modulation","volume":"16","author":"Stokes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.2174\/1874325001711011466","article-title":"Etiological theories of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: past and present","volume":"11","author":"Fadzan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Orthop J"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12098","article-title":"Melatonin enhances chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"56","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2010.00768.x","article-title":"Abnormal proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts from girls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis to melatonin","volume":"49","author":"Man","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.20173","article-title":"The role of mechanical signals in regulating chondrogenesis and osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"90","author":"Kelly","year":"2010","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-009-1129-z","article-title":"Decreased osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and reduced bone mineral density in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"18","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18834","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018834","article-title":"Differential proteome analysis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients","volume":"6","author":"Zhuang","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-018-0240-2","article-title":"Long noncoding RNA lncAIS downregulation in mesenchymal stem cells is implicated in the pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"26","author":"Zhuang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2017.00193","article-title":"Analysis of the expression of repetitive DNA elements in osteosarcoma","volume":"8","author":"Ho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.01.008","article-title":"Prevalence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in Turkey: an epidemiological study","volume":"20","author":"Y\u0131lmaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199804010-00011","article-title":"A study of the diagnostic accuracy and reliability of the scoliometer and adam\u2019s forward bend test","volume":"23","author":"C\u00f4t\u00e9","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-35552012005000081","article-title":"Scoliometer measurements of patients with idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"17","author":"Coelho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz J Phys Ther"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3233\/SHTI210451","article-title":"Evaluation of plantar pressures and center of pressure trajectories in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"280","author":"Horng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.02.014","article-title":"Influence of curve location and type of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis on static and dynamic plantar pressure","volume":"119","author":"Ai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14515","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93902-5","article-title":"Impact of quality of life related to foot problems: a case-control study","volume":"11","author":"L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2004.11.003","article-title":"Ankle and foot injuries in pediatric and adult athletes","volume":"32","author":"Pommering","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prim Care"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"LC22","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2017\/24362.9697","article-title":"Flat foot in a random population and its impact on quality of life and functionality","volume":"11","author":"Pita-Fernandez","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq092","article-title":"Characteristics of primary care consultations for musculoskeletal foot and ankle problems in the UK","volume":"49","author":"Menz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/ajag.12892","article-title":"Foot disease and physical function in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Iseli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Australas J Ageing"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12683","article-title":"The silent overall burden of foot disease in a representative hospitalised population","volume":"14","author":"Lazzarini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2018.10.001","article-title":"Foot problems as a risk factor for falls in community-dwelling older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"118","author":"Menz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)30260-1","article-title":"Children\u2019s foot problems","volume":"13","author":"Trott","year":"1982","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.301.6758.942","article-title":"Flat feet in children","volume":"301","author":"Smith","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-008-0789-8","article-title":"Assessment of the medial longitudinal arch in children and adolescents with obesity: footprints and radiographic study","volume":"168","author":"Villarroya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-009-1050-9","article-title":"Prevalence of flexible flatfoot in Taiwanese school-aged children in relation to obesity, gender, and age","volume":"169","author":"Chang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"B43","first-page":"69","article-title":"A cochrane review of the evidence for non-surgical interventions for flexible pediatric flat feet","volume":"47","author":"Evans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2126","article-title":"Prevalence of flat foot in preschool-aged children","volume":"118","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2005.07.023","article-title":"The evolution of foot morphology in children between 6 and 17 years of age: a cross-sectional study based on footprints in a Mediterranean population","volume":"44","author":"Stavlas","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0238001","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238001","article-title":"Flatfoot and associated factors among Ethiopian school children aged 11 to 15 years: a school-based study","volume":"15","author":"Abich","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072226","article-title":"Immediate effects of medially posted insoles on lower limb joint contact forces in adult acquired flatfoot: a pilot study","volume":"17","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foot.2011.07.002","article-title":"Predictive factors for flatfoot: the role of age and footwear in children in urban and rural communities in south west Nigeria","volume":"21","author":"Abolarin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Foot (Edinb)"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2020.04.016","article-title":"Interference screw for the treatment of pediatric flexible flatfoot","volume":"59","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20150192","article-title":"Medial longitudinal arch development of children aged 7 to 9 years: longitudinal investigation","volume":"96","author":"Tong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5196","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18105196","article-title":"Assessment of the foot\u2019s longitudinal arch by different indicators and their correlation with the foot loading paradigm in school-aged children: a cross sectional study","volume":"18","author":"Szczepanowska-Wo\u0142owiec","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/17477160701520298","article-title":"Foot structure in overweight and obese children","volume":"3","author":"Adoraci\u00f3n Villarroya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Obes"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802729","article-title":"What are the effects of obesity in children on plantar pressure distributions?","volume":"28","author":"Dowling","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1832","article-title":"Orthopedic complications of overweight in children and adolescents","volume":"117","author":"Taylor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-013-1943-5","article-title":"Body weight and the medial longitudinal foot arch: high-arched foot, a hidden problem?","volume":"172","author":"Wo\u017aniacka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8247","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148247","article-title":"Risk factors of flatfoot in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.7547\/0980283","article-title":"Impact of chronic plantar heel pain on health-related quality of life","volume":"98","author":"Irving","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Podiatr Med Assoc"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/60.12.1546","article-title":"Foot and ankle characteristics associated with impaired balance and functional ability in older people","volume":"60","author":"Menz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.62.08.789","article-title":"Impact of shoe size in a sample of elderly individuals","volume":"62","author":"L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992)"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S152269","article-title":"Foot health-related quality of life among elderly with and without lesser toe deformities: a case-control study","volume":"12","author":"L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adherence"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12695","article-title":"Impact of hallux Valgus related of quality of life in women","volume":"14","author":"Palomo-L\u00f3pez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2020.05.010","article-title":"Normative database of spatiotemporal gait parameters using inertial sensors in typically developing children and young adults","volume":"80","author":"Voss","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-022-03366-0","article-title":"Postural habits and lifestyle factors associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) in China: results from a big case-control study","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1265\/ehpm.22-00243","article-title":"Academic-related factors and daily lifestyle habits associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a case-control study","volume":"28","author":"Dou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Health Prev Med"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-023-03680-1","article-title":"How to make a more optimal surgical plan for lenke 5 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients: a comparative study based on the changes of the sagittal alignment and selection of the lowest instrumented vertebra","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.90407.2008","article-title":"Wfs1 gene deletion causes growth retardation in mice and interferes with the growth hormone pathway","volume":"37","author":"K\u00f5ks","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiol Genomics"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-017-0218-1","article-title":"The typically developing paediatric foot: how flat should it be? A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Uden","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Res"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-020-04899-x","article-title":"Functional and radiographic comparison of subtalar arthroereisis and lateral calcaneal lengthening in the surgical treatment of flexible flatfoot in children","volume":"45","author":"Tahririan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199205000-00029","article-title":"Foot-ground pressure pattern of flexible flatfoot in children, with and without correction of calcaneovalgus","volume":"278","author":"Aharonson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-212851","article-title":"Mendelian Randomisation study of smoking, alcohol, and coffee drinking in relation to Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Domenighetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e698","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200699","article-title":"Genome-wide association and meta-analysis of age at onset in Parkinson disease: evidence from the COURAGE-PD consortium","volume":"99","author":"Grover","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2026.1749070\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T05:43:58Z","timestamp":1775022238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2026.1749070\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2026.1749070"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2026.1749070","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"article-number":"1749070"}}