{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T18:27:54Z","timestamp":1770748074760,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Testicular regression syndrome (TRS) is a cause of nonpalpable testis resulting from prenatal testicular involution. This study aims to describe clinical, ultrasonographic, and laparoscopic characteristics and surgical management of TRS, and to evaluate the necessity of inguinal exploration following laparoscopy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A retrospective descriptive study was conducted on boys &amp;lt;16 years who underwent laparoscopic exploration for unilateral intra-abdominal nonpalpable testes at Vietnam National Children's Hospital between January 2021 and October 2025 and were diagnosed intraoperatively with TRS. Data collected included age, laterality, ultrasonographic findings, laparoscopic features, the decision to perform inguinal exploration, and histopathology of nubbin. Contralateral testicular size was measured by ultrasonography and compared with age-matched normal values, with\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05 considered statistically significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forty-three patients were included; median age at surgery was 26 months (range 9\u2013156 months), and 32 cases (74.4%) involved the left side. Ultrasonography yielded false-positive findings in 12 cases (27.9%). Contralateral testicular volume was larger than normal in children &amp;lt;24 months (0.86\u2009\u00b1\u20090.23 vs. 0.44\u2009\u00b1\u20090.14\u2005mL;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) and 24\u201360 months (0.90\u2009\u00b1\u20090.44 vs. 0.57\u2009\u00b1\u20090.16\u2005mL;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.025), but not in those &amp;gt;60 months (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.263). Spermatic vessels and vas deferens terminated proximal to the ring in 3 cases (7.0%) and traversed the ring in 40 cases (93.0%). Inguinal exploration was performed in 17\/43 patients (39.5%), revealing and excising 13 testicular remnants (30.2%). Specimens sent for histopathology showed no testicular or seminiferous tissue.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Testicular regression syndrome (TRS) is characterized by left-sided predominance and age-dependent compensatory hypertrophy of the contralateral testis. Ultrasonography is unreliable for diagnosis. While inguinal exploration frequently identifies fibrous remnants containing histological markers of regression, the clinical necessity of routine excision remains debated. We advocate for an individualized management approach that balances the benefits of definitive diagnosis against the low risk of malignancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2026.1755405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T06:56:17Z","timestamp":1770706577000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Testicular regression syndrome in children: a retrospective analysis of diagnostic and laparoscopic findings"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Thuy","family":"Nguyen Thi Mai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Vietnam National Children's Hospital","place":["Hanoi, Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khang","family":"Do Van","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Hanoi Medical University","place":["Hanoi, Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006880","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.1006880","article-title":"Testicular regression syndrome: a retrospective analysis of clinical and histopathological features in 570 cases","volume":"10","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834083","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.834083","article-title":"Histopathological features of vanishing testes in 332 boys: what is its significance? A retrospective study from a tertiary hospital","volume":"10","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2023.08.032","article-title":"Heresy - is there a role for ultrasound in management of the non-palpable testicle?","volume":"20","author":"Press","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9437","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-59583-6","article-title":"Management of pediatric vanishing testes syndrome based on pathological diagnosis: a single-center retrospective study","volume":"14","author":"Mao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2017.04.010","article-title":"Blind ending vessels on diagnostic laparoscopy for nonpalpable testis: is a nubbin present?","volume":"13","author":"Sturm","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648711","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.648711","article-title":"Referential values of testicular volume measured by ultrasonography in normal children and adolescents: z-score establishment","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874995","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.874995","article-title":"Open controversies on the treatment of undescended testis: an update","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2017.04.079","article-title":"The nonpalpable testis: a narrative review","volume":"198","author":"Shepard","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-1800","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of ultrasound in nonpalpable cryptorchidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"127","author":"Tasian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.05.005","article-title":"Evaluation and treatment of cryptorchidism: AUA guideline","volume":"192","author":"Kolon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B11","volume-title":"EAU Guidelines on Paediatric Urology","author":"Radmayr","year":"2025"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2023.03.011","article-title":"The optimum cut-off value of contralateral testis size in the prediction of monorchidism in children with nonpalpable testis: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Tahmasbi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2020.08.006","article-title":"Testicular hypertrophy as predictor of contralateral nonpalpable testis among Chinese boys: an 18-year retrospective study","volume":"27","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Archives de P\u00e9diatrie"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0151528","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151528","article-title":"Can hypertrophy of the contralateral testis predict the absence of a viable testis in infancy with cryptorchidism: a prospective analysis","volume":"11","author":"Son","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.4103\/ajps.AJPS_103_08","article-title":"Laparoscopy in the management of impalpable testis (series of 64 cases)","volume":"14","author":"Ismail","year":"2017","journal-title":"Afr J Paediatr Surg"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.4103\/ajps.AJPS_39_21","article-title":"The role of laparoscopy in non-palpable undescended testicle: analysis and review of the experience from two cities in Sudan","volume":"19","author":"Elgaili Salah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Afr J Paediatr Surg"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413099","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1413099","article-title":"Does the presence of blind-ended vas deferens and spermatic vessels in laparoscopic exploration of non-palpable testes conclusively indicate testicular absence?","volume":"12","author":"Mao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.4158\/EP-2019-0032","article-title":"Testicular regression syndrome: practice variation in diagnosis and management","volume":"25","author":"Heksch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-017-4206-0","article-title":"Presence of viable germ cells in testicular regression syndrome remnants: is routine excision indicated? A systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Nataraja","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2010.11.018","article-title":"The testicular regression syndrome\u2013do remnants require routine excision?","volume":"46","author":"Bader","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2026.1755405\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T06:56:18Z","timestamp":1770706578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2026.1755405\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"references-count":20,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2026.1755405"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2026.1755405","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"article-number":"1755405"}}