{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T15:21:31Z","timestamp":1784388091285,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":313,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neonatal pain is now recognized as a critical issue, with evidence showing that even extremely preterm infants have nociceptive pathways and that untreated pain causes both short- and long-term problems. Despite greater understanding and better assessment tools, practices vary worldwide, with differences in guidelines, pain evaluation, and access to effective treatments. Opioids are vital for severe pain but are limited by side effects and uncertain long-term impacts. Alternatives such as acetaminophen, ketamine, and dexmedetomidine offer benefits, although evidence in neonates remains limited. Propofol provides rapid hypnosis but carries neurotoxicity risks and hemodynamic instability; midazolam is often used for anxiolysis, though concerns exist about its effectiveness, lack of analgesia, and adverse neurological outcomes. Benzodiazepines other than midazolam, such as lorazepam and diazepam, are used less frequently due to accumulation risks and benzyl alcohol toxicity. Intranasal formulations of fentanyl, midazolam, dexmedetomidine, and ketamine are emerging as quick, practical options for procedural sedation and analgesia, but more research is needed. Overall, neonatal pain management and sedation encounter gaps in evidence and practice, emphasizing the need for standardization, improved personalized approaches based on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic maturation, multimodal strategies to minimize opioid and benzodiazepine exposure, and rigorous studies of new therapies to ensure safe, effective, and equitable care for newborns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2026.1757704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T06:55:22Z","timestamp":1774421722000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pharmacological therapy of neonatal analgosedation: current status, dilemmas, and perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Cavallaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Garrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nunzia","family":"Decembrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico G. Rodolico San Marco","place":["Catania, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena Emilia","family":"Bullejos Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Anesthesia, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genny","family":"Raffaeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico","place":["Milan, Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.3390\/children9111688","article-title":"Evaluation and treatment of pain in fetuses, neonates and children","volume":"9","author":"Menc\u00eda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxaf011","article-title":"Managing pain in newborns: a multidimensional approach","volume":"30","author":"Campbell-Yeo Nnp-Bc","year":"2025","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.757","article-title":"Epidemiology of painful procedures performed in neonates: a systematic review of observational studies","volume":"20","author":"Cruz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-025-01896-x","article-title":"Current practices in neonatal pain management: a decade after the last Italian survey","volume":"51","author":"Lago","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00331-8","article-title":"Group: sedation and analgesia practices in neonatal intensive care units (EUROPAIN): results from a prospective cohort study","volume":"3","author":"Carbajal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2009.01291.x","article-title":"Guidelines for procedural pain in the newborn","volume":"98","author":"Lago","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"B7","volume-title":"Linee Guida per la Prevenzione ed il Trattamento del Dolore Durante le Procedure \u201cskin-braking\u201d nel Neonato","author":"Lago Paola","year":"2023"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12107","article-title":"Procedural pain in neonates: the state of the art in the implementation of national guidelines in Italy","volume":"23","author":"Lago","year":"2013","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03032-7","article-title":"Global cross-sectional survey on neonatal pharmacologic sedation and analgesia practices and pain assessment tools: impact of the sociodemographic index (SDI)","volume":"96","author":"Arribas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0590","article-title":"Premedication for nonemergent neonatal intubations: a randomized, controlled trial comparing atropine and fentanyl to atropine, fentanyl, and mivacurium","volume":"118","author":"Roberts","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-025-06074-z","article-title":"A global cross-sectional survey on neonatal analgosedation: unveiling global trends and challenges through latent class analysis","volume":"184","author":"Arribas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14606","article-title":"Evidence-based clinical guidelines on analgesia and sedation in newborn infants undergoing assisted ventilation and endotracheal intubation","volume":"108","author":"Ancora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-022-01968-2","article-title":"Pain management for necrotizing enterocolitis: getting the balance right","volume":"92","author":"Ten Barge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-023-02508-2","article-title":"Current pain management practices for preterm infants with necrotizing enterocolitis: a European survey","volume":"94","author":"Ten Barge","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-024-00676-0","article-title":"Visceral pain in preterm infants with necrotizing enterocolitis: underlying mechanisms and implications for treatment","volume":"27","author":"Ten Barge","year":"2025","journal-title":"Paediatr Drugs"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd013732","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013732.pub2","article-title":"Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation","volume":"3","author":"Bell\u00f9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2341033","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.41033","article-title":"Use of dexmedetomidine and opioids in hospitalized preterm infants","volume":"6","author":"Curtis","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd015056","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015056.pub3","article-title":"Opioids for procedural pain in neonates","volume":"6","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD014876","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014876.pub2","article-title":"Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates","volume":"3","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.14461","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine as a sole sedative for procedural sedation in preterm and neonate infants: a retrospective analysis","volume":"32","author":"Leister","year":"2022","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD012361","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012361.pub2","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine for analgesia and sedation in newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation","volume":"5","author":"Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2021.11.014","article-title":"Pharmacologic analgesia and sedation in neonates","volume":"49","author":"McPherson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-023-01802-5","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine for analgesia and sedation in neonates: a systematic review","volume":"44","author":"Portelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd002052","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002052.pub4","article-title":"Midazolam for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"7","author":"Romantsik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1159\/000521949","article-title":"Intranasal analgosedation for infants in the neonatal intensive care unit: a systematic review","volume":"119","author":"Snyers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939869","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.939869","article-title":"Frequencies, modalities, doses and duration of computerized prescriptions for sedative, analgesic, anesthetic and paralytic drugs in neonates requiring intensive care: a prospective pharmacoepidemiologic cohort study in 30 French NICUs from 2014 to 2020","volume":"13","author":"Tauzin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-020-00878-7","article-title":"Practical approaches to sedation and analgesia in the newborn","volume":"41","author":"McPherson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/pne2.12065","article-title":"Toward personalized medicine for pharmacological interventions in neonates using vital signs","volume":"3","author":"Hartley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Paediatric and Neonatal Pain"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12040729","article-title":"Pharmacogenetic approaches in personalized medicine for postoperative pain management","volume":"12","author":"Ferreira do Couto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1002\/pne2.12060","article-title":"Future roles of artificial intelligence in early pain management of newborns","volume":"3","author":"Salekin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Paediatr Neonatal Pain"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2021.106796","article-title":"Multimodal neonatal procedural and postoperative pain assessment dataset","volume":"35","author":"Salekin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104150","article-title":"Multimodal spatio-temporal deep learning approach for neonatal postoperative pain assessment","volume":"129","author":"Salekin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2014.08.010","article-title":"Pain management in newborns","volume":"41","author":"Hall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2019.07.014","article-title":"Managing procedural pain in the neonate using an opioid-sparing approach","volume":"41","author":"Squillaro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sempedsurg.2022.151203","article-title":"Evolving approaches in neonatal postoperative pain management","volume":"31","author":"Visoiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.148050","article-title":"Effect of intravenous paracetamol on postoperative morphine requirements in neonates and infants undergoing major noncardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"309","author":"Ceelie","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.08.003","article-title":"Intravenous paracetamol decreases requirements of morphine in very preterm infants","volume":"168","author":"Harma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-04905-3","article-title":"Intermittent intravenous paracetamol versus continuous morphine in infants undergoing cardiothoracic surgery: a multi-center randomized controlled trial","volume":"28","author":"Zeilmaker-Roest","year":"2024","journal-title":"Critical Care"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71126","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.71126","article-title":"Impact of sedation on ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction in extremely preterm infants","volume":"60","author":"Hoshino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-023-00705-x","article-title":"Effects of fentanyl and sucrose on pain in retinopathy examinations with pain scale, near-infrared spectroscopy, and ultrasonography: a randomized trial","volume":"19","author":"Kara","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Pediatr"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-025-04441-y","article-title":"Analgesia and sedation in premature infants receiving invasive ventilation: a systematic scoping review","author":"Moultrie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra035092","article-title":"Developmental pharmacology\u2013drug disposition, action, and therapy in infants and children","volume":"349","author":"Kearns","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-004-0756-x","article-title":"Intravenous paracetamol (propacetamol) pharmacokinetics in term and preterm neonates","volume":"60","author":"Allegaert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14744","article-title":"Individual variations in fentanyl pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in preterm infants","volume":"108","author":"Norman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-025-01477-5","article-title":"Scoping review of paediatric population pharmacokinetic models of morphine","volume":"64","author":"Stokes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5769","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612823666170926121124","article-title":"Developmental pharmacokinetics in neonates: maturational changes and beyond","volume":"23","author":"Allegaert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2017.05.023","article-title":"Non-maturational covariates for dynamic systems pharmacology models in neonates, infants, and children: filling the gaps beyond developmental pharmacology","author":"Allegaert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2019.02.011","article-title":"Postsurgery analgesic and sedative drug use in a French neonatal intensive care unit: a single-center retrospective cohort study","volume":"26","author":"Benahmed-Canat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31813-0","article-title":"Analgesic efficacy and safety of morphine in the procedural pain in premature infants (poppi) study: randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"392","author":"Hartley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S463","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.933519","article-title":"Sufentanil and midazolam dosing and pharmacogenetic factors in pediatric analgosedation and withdrawal syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Hronov\u00e1","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol Res"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1067\/mcp.2000.108947","article-title":"Morphine clearance and effects in newborn infants in relation to gestational age","volume":"68","author":"Saarenmaa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(99)70163-0","article-title":"Morphine pharmacokinetics and pain assessment in premature newborns","volume":"135","author":"Scott","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.18.2419","article-title":"Routine morphine infusion in preterm newborns who received ventilatory SupportA randomized controlled trial","volume":"290","author":"Simons","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra012626","article-title":"Analgesics for the treatment of pain in children","volume":"347","author":"Berde","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1425","article-title":"Morphine does not provide adequate analgesia for acute procedural pain among preterm neonates","volume":"115","author":"Carbajal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd013355","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013355.pub2","article-title":"Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated neonates","volume":"6","author":"Pirlotte","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd015594","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015594.pub2","article-title":"Pharmacological interventions for the management of pain and discomfort during lumbar puncture in newborn infants","volume":"9","author":"Pessano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.01.012","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment of neonatal pain: are we ready for a paradigm shift? Comment on Br J Anaesth 2021; 126: e133\u20135","volume":"126","author":"van den Anker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-019-0476-9","article-title":"Morphine compared to placebo for procedural pain in preterm infants: safety, efficacy and equipoise","volume":"39","author":"Soffer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(18)32324-9","article-title":"Use of morphine before retinopathy of prematurity examinations","volume":"392","author":"Campbell-Yeo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15510","article-title":"Morphine exposure and neurodevelopmental outcome in infants born extremely preterm","volume":"65","author":"Luzzati","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.02.017","article-title":"Long-term effects of routine morphine infusion in mechanically ventilated neonates on children\u2019s functioning: five-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"152","author":"de Graaf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14703","article-title":"Morphine use in the neonatal period and later neuropsychological development: a systematic review","volume":"63","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106357","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental effects of opioids in preterm infants\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and observational studies","volume":"210","author":"Rakshasbhuvankar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD015016","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015016.pub3","article-title":"Systemic opioid regimens for postoperative pain in neonates","volume":"4","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-024-02121-z","article-title":"Opioid equipotency conversions for hospitalized infants: a systematic review","volume":"44","author":"Ing","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-014-0135-4","article-title":"Evidence-based morphine dosing for postoperative neonates and infants","volume":"53","author":"Krekels","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-025-02227-y","article-title":"The effect of using dexmedetomidine versus morphine as sedation on long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of encephalopathic neonates undergoing therapeutic hypothermia","volume":"45","author":"Nuzum","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-024-03796-1","article-title":"Estimated equipotent conversion ratios of morphine, sufentanil and fentanyl as continuous infusion in neonatal intensive care units: a pharmacoepidemiologic cohort study","volume":"81","author":"Tauzin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-017-0569-6","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl and its derivatives in children: a comprehensive review","volume":"57","author":"Ziesenitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0000000000006808","article-title":"Multicenter population pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in neonatal surgical patients using dried blood spot specimen collection demonstrates maturation of elimination clearance","volume":"138","author":"Rzasa Lynn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-021-01076-0","article-title":"Pre- and postnatal maturation are important for fentanyl exposure in preterm and term newborns: a pooled population pharmacokinetic study","volume":"61","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F598","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-315920","article-title":"Rapidly maturing fentanyl clearance in preterm neonates","volume":"104","author":"V\u00f6ller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03404-z","article-title":"Fentanyl dosage for preterm infants suggested by a pharmacokinetic, -dynamic, and -genetic model","volume":"97","author":"Bardol","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2018.1432595","article-title":"Drug metabolism in early infancy: opioids as an illustration","volume":"14","author":"Van Donge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2017.226","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 and flavin-containing monooxygenase families: age-dependent differences in expression and functional activity","volume":"83","author":"Zane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(99)70407-5","article-title":"Advantages of fentanyl over morphine in analgesia for ventilated newborn infants after birth: a randomized trial","volume":"134","author":"Saarenmaa","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2019.108078","article-title":"Neonatal cytochrome P450 CYP3A7: a comprehensive review of its role in development, disease, and xenobiotic metabolism","volume":"673","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(00)98837-1","article-title":"Gestational age and birth weight effects on plasma clearance of fentanyl in newborn infants","volume":"136","author":"Saarenmaa","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7764","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2021.1937106","article-title":"Fentanyl analgesia in asphyxiated newborns treated with therapeutic hypothermia","volume":"35","author":"Lugli","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3734","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2018.1471593","article-title":"Effects of fentanyl for pain control and neuroprotection in very preterm newborns on mechanical ventilation","volume":"32","author":"Qiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2019.08.004","article-title":"Pharmacology of common analgesic and sedative drugs used in the neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"46","author":"Donato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1159\/000529440","article-title":"Effect of fentanyl for preterm infants on mechanical ventilation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"120","author":"Sudo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-019-03514-5","article-title":"Low dose fentanyl infusion versus 24% oral sucrose for pain management during laser treatment for retinopathy of prematurity\u2014an open label randomized clinical trial","volume":"179","author":"Sethi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F433","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-315345","article-title":"Continuous infusion versus intermittent bolus doses of fentanyl for analgesia and sedation in neonates: an open-label randomised controlled trial","volume":"104","author":"Abiramalatha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-023-01622-7","article-title":"Safety profile of anesthetic modalities during laser treatment for retinopathy of prematurity: a systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Gavriilidou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e034052","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-034052","article-title":"Premedication practices for tracheal intubation in neonates transported by French medical transport teams: a prospective observational study","volume":"9","author":"Carbajal","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-316235","article-title":"Haemodynamic effects of premedication for neonatal intubation: an observational study","volume":"105","author":"Truong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-018-0101-3","article-title":"Safety of fentanyl for peripherally inserted central catheter in non-intubated infants in the neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"38","author":"Kasirer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e046235","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-046235","article-title":"\u2018NOPAIN-ROP\u2019 trial: intravenous fentanyl and intravenous ketamine for pain relief during laser photocoagulation for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in preterm infants: a randomised trial","volume":"11","author":"Madathil","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.13138","article-title":"Analgesia for retinopathy of prematurity screening: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Thirunavukarasu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000839","article-title":"Follow-up at the corrected age of 24 months of preterm newborns receiving continuous infusion of fentanyl for pain control during mechanical ventilation","volume":"158","author":"Ancora","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1159\/000515787","article-title":"Sufentanil disposition and pharmacokinetic model-based dosage regimen for sufentanil in ventilated full-term neonates","volume":"106","author":"Pokorn\u00e1","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-199601000-00031","article-title":"Identification of human liver cytochrome P-450 3A4 as the enzyme responsible for fentanyl and sufentanil N-dealkylation","volume":"82","author":"Tateishi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15112579","article-title":"Physiologically based pharmacokinetics modeling in the neonatal population-current advances, challenges, and opportunities","volume":"15","author":"Dinh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/164_2019_210","article-title":"Clinical pharmacology and pharmacometrics to better understand physiological changes during pregnancy and neonatal life","volume":"261","author":"van Donge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15122765","article-title":"Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling in neonates: current Status and future perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200342050-00001","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic changes during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: implications for drug therapy of neonates","volume":"42","author":"Buck","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2016.1201066","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy during pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a review","volume":"12","author":"Himebauch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1177\/10600280221126438","article-title":"A narrative review of the impact of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of critical care therapies","volume":"57","author":"Patel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1177\/0267659118824011","article-title":"Sufentanil pharmacokinetics in a full-term neonate treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a case report","volume":"34","author":"Pokorn\u00e1","year":"2019","journal-title":"Perfusion"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.3708","article-title":"Effect of atropine with propofol vs atropine with atracurium and sufentanil on oxygen desaturation in neonates requiring nonemergency intubation: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"319","author":"Durrmeyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.12.001","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes after premedication with atropine\/propofol vs atropine\/atracurium\/sufentanil for neonatal intubation: 2-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"231","author":"Tauzin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1097\/ajp.0000000000000487","article-title":"Reduced sufentanil doses are effective for postoperative analgesia after ductal closure in extremely premature infants: a 10 years retrospective cohort study","volume":"33","author":"Soreze","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2020029074","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-029074","article-title":"Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome","volume":"146","author":"Patrick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd012706","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012706.pub2","article-title":"Pharmacological pain and sedation interventions for the prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants on assisted ventilation\u2014an overview of systematic reviews","volume":"8","author":"Str\u00f3\u017cyk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.06.033","article-title":"Association of postnatal opioid exposure and 2-year neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants undergoing cardiac surgery","volume":"84","author":"O'Byrne","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1097\/00075198-200108000-00003","article-title":"Remifentanil","volume":"7","author":"Cohen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/s0952-8180(96)00179-1","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics of remifentanil","volume":"8","author":"Michelsen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199652030-00009","article-title":"Remifentanil","volume":"52","author":"Patel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200519120-00010","article-title":"Spotlight on remifentanil for general anaesthesia","volume":"19","author":"Scott","year":"2005","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200418150-00004","article-title":"Remifentanil update: clinical science and utility","volume":"18","author":"Beers","year":"2004","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200565130-00007","article-title":"Remifentanil: a review of its use during the induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia","volume":"65","author":"Scott","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200544080-00002","article-title":"The use of ultra-short-acting opioids in paediatric anaesthesia: the role of remifentanil","volume":"44","author":"Davis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-015-2134-5","article-title":"Remifentanil: applications in neonates","volume":"30","author":"Kamata","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2020.05.051","article-title":"Target-controlled-infusion models for remifentanil dosing consistent with approved recommendations","volume":"125","author":"Eleveld","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2010.01868.x","article-title":"Remifentanil in neonatal intensive care and anaesthesia practice","volume":"99","author":"Penido","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1159\/000479622","article-title":"Does remifentanil have a place for sedation in the case of endotracheal intubation or minimally invasive surfactant therapy in neonates?","volume":"112","author":"Chollat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/892974","article-title":"Sedation of newborn infants for the INSURE procedure, are we sure?","volume":"2013","author":"De Kort","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-023-00583-w","article-title":"Fetal, preterm, and term neonate exposure to remifentanil: a systematic review of efficacy and safety","volume":"25","author":"Maroni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatric Drugs"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200666100-00003","article-title":"Experience with remifentanil in neonates and infants","volume":"66","author":"Welzing","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F80","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2009.167338","article-title":"Remifentanil for endotracheal intubation in neonates: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"95","author":"Choong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25876","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-09454-5","article-title":"A pilot study on LC-MS\/MS quantification of remifentanil, etomidate, and rocuronium in maternal and fetal serum microsamples","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.2478\/acph-2024-0010","article-title":"Determination of remifentanil in neonatal dried blood spots by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"74","author":"Trontelj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Pharm"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-019-0744-6","article-title":"The influence of pain, agitation, and their management on the immature brain","volume":"88","author":"McPherson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.65.4_spec_no.349","article-title":"Alfentanil pharmacokinetics in preterm infants","volume":"65","author":"Marlow","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-199702000-00013","article-title":"Fentanyl and alfentanil plasma protein binding in preterm and term neonates","volume":"84","author":"Wilson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199631060-00003","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics of sedatives in neonates","volume":"31","author":"Jacqz-Aigrain","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.70044","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of alfentanil in children","volume":"65","author":"Medina-Aymerich","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-9114.1991.tb04293.x","article-title":"The disposition of alfentanil in neonates with respiratory distress","volume":"11","author":"Wiest","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-019-00827-4","article-title":"Preterm physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Part II: applications of the model to predict drug pharmacokinetics in the preterm population","volume":"59","author":"Abduljalil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1159\/000457577","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of alfentanil in newborn premature infants and older children","volume":"13","author":"Davis","year":"1989","journal-title":"Dev Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1159\/000457625","article-title":"Guthrie: influence of gestational age on pharmacokinetics of alfentanil in neonates","volume":"15","author":"Killian","year":"1990","journal-title":"Dev Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.2452","article-title":"Prediction of pediatric pharmacokinetics for CYP3A4 metabolized drugs: comparison of the performance of two hepatic ontogeny within a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model","volume":"64","author":"Codaccioni","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.1089","article-title":"Multistep unified models using prior knowledge for the prediction of drug clearance in neonates and infants","volume":"58","author":"Tegenge","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199208000-00017","article-title":"Alfentanil-induced rigidity in newborn infants","volume":"75","author":"Pokela","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F103","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.75.2.f103","article-title":"Alfentanil as procedural pain relief in newborn infants","volume":"75","author":"Saarenmaa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.63.10.1293","article-title":"Hazards of analgesia for newborn infants","volume":"63","author":"Marlow","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S140","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.1139","article-title":"Analgesics and sedatives in critically ill newborns and infants: the impact on long-term neurodevelopment","volume":"58","author":"Schiller","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2019.172609","article-title":"Loss of hypothermic and anti-pyretic action of paracetamol in cyclooxygenase-1 knockout mice is indicative of inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 variant enzymes","volume":"861","author":"Ayoub","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.621","article-title":"Acetaminophen\/Paracetamol: a history of errors, failures and false decisions","volume":"19","author":"Brune","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14934","article-title":"Paracetamol is a centrally acting analgesic using mechanisms located in the periaqueductal grey","volume":"177","author":"Barri\u00e8re","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.1945-17.2017","article-title":"Acetaminophen relieves inflammatory pain through CB(1) cannabinoid receptors in the rostral ventromedial medulla","volume":"38","author":"Klinger-Gratz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-015-0301-3","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of intravenous paracetamol (Acetaminophen) in preterm and term neonates: model development and external evaluation","volume":"55","author":"Cook","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.curtheres.2014.12.001","article-title":"Clinical pharmacology of paracetamol in neonates: a review","volume":"77","author":"Pacifici","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Ther Res Clin Exp"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aen208","article-title":"I.V. acetaminophen pharmacokinetics in neonates after multiple doses","volume":"101","author":"Palmer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-023-03580-3","article-title":"Maturation of paracetamol elimination routes in preterm neonates born below 32 weeks of gestation","volume":"40","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.106.012492","article-title":"The 2006 Bernard B. Brodie award lecture. Cyp2e1","volume":"35","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-013-1007-6","article-title":"Metabolism and disposition of acetaminophen: recent advances in relation to hepatotoxicity and diagnosis","volume":"30","author":"McGill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2019.1587450","article-title":"A case of accidental neonatal paracetamol overdose with prolonged half-life and measured metabolites","volume":"57","author":"Abadier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-6576.2001.450104.x","article-title":"Treatment with paracetamol in infants","volume":"45","author":"Arana","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-016-0408-1","article-title":"Neonatal maturation of paracetamol (Acetaminophen) glucuronidation, sulfation, and oxidation based on a parent\u2013metabolite population pharmacokinetic model","volume":"55","author":"Cook","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F25","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.89.1.f25","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of single dose intravenous propacetamol in neonates: effect of gestational age","volume":"89","author":"Allegaert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F59","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.80.1.f59","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of rectally administered paracetamol in preterm neonates","volume":"80","author":"van Lingen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/85.4.512","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of rectal paracetamol after repeated dosing in children","volume":"85","author":"Hahn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3421","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15834","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and safety of prolonged paracetamol treatment in neonates: an interventional cohort study","volume":"89","author":"Haslund-Krog","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20154271","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4271","article-title":"Prevention and management of procedural pain in the neonate: an update","volume":"137","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200211314020005","article-title":"Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) efficacy and safety in the newborn","volume":"14","author":"Cuzzolin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Drug Metab"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2011.211060","article-title":"Pain relief in neonates: when to use intravenous paracetamol","volume":"96","author":"van den Anker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1097\/JPN.0000000000000675","article-title":"Oral ibuprofen versus oral paracetamol in pain management during screening for retinopathy of prematurity: a prospective observational study","volume":"36","author":"Bulut","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Perinatal Neonatal Nurs"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD011219","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011219.pub4","article-title":"Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) for prevention or treatment of pain in newborns","volume":"1","author":"Ohlsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5210","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2021.1875444","article-title":"Trial of paracetamol for premature newborns: five-year follow-up","volume":"35","author":"Juujarvi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-319069","article-title":"Intravenous paracetamol for neonates: long-term diseases not escalated during 5 years of follow-up","volume":"106","author":"Juujarvi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19042128","article-title":"Long-term safety of prenatal and neonatal exposure to paracetamol: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.3172","article-title":"Acetaminophen use during pregnancy and children\u2019s risk of autism, ADHD, and intellectual disability","volume":"331","author":"Ahlqvist","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B166","first-page":"958","article-title":"[Recommendations for analgesia and sedation in neonatal intensive care]","volume":"12","author":"Rawicz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Wieku Rozwoj"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.5414\/CP202561","article-title":"Neonatal pain management: still in search for the holy grail","volume":"54","author":"Allegaert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD015179","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015179.pub2","article-title":"Non-opioid analgesics for procedural pain in neonates","volume":"4","author":"Persad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14317","article-title":"Administering atropine and ketamine before less invasive surfactant administration resulted in low pain scores in a prospective study of premature neonates","volume":"107","author":"Bourgoin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/s0169-409x(03)00030-9","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics in the newborn","volume":"55","author":"Alcorn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13239","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of S-ketamine during prolonged sedation at the pediatric intensive care unit","volume":"27","author":"Flint","year":"2017","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.1116","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of intramuscular and intravenous ketamine in children","volume":"58","author":"Hornik","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9592.2003.01180.x","article-title":"Anaesthetic management in a neonate with congenital complete heart block","volume":"14","author":"Castilla","year":"2004","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9592.2001.00605.x","article-title":"Combination propofol-ketamine anaesthesia in sick neonates","volume":"11","author":"Golden","year":"2001","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e534","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12413","article-title":"Ketamine and atropine decrease pain for preterm newborn tracheal intubation in the delivery room: an observational pilot study","volume":"102","author":"Barois","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F53","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.85.1.f53","article-title":"Ketamine for procedural pain relief in newborn infants","volume":"85","author":"Saarenmaa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Dis Childh Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20220225-01","article-title":"Ketamine analgesia as an alternative to general anesthesia during Laser treatment for retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"59","author":"Sanatkar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F221","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-312808","article-title":"Nasal midazolam vs ketamine for neonatal intubation in the delivery room: a randomised trial","volume":"103","author":"Mil\u00e9si","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6703048","article-title":"Anaesthesia in retinopathy of prematurity treatment","volume":"22","author":"Lyon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-002-0356-4","article-title":"Comparison of analgesic\/sedative effect of racemic ketamine and S(+)-ketamine during cardiac catheterization in newborns and children","volume":"24","author":"Pees","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2016.06.034","article-title":"Anesthesia-airway management in a newborn with syngnathia","volume":"34","author":"Ozer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1159\/000530573","article-title":"Sedation prior to intubation at birth in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: an international survey on current practices","volume":"120","author":"Horn-Oudshoorn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/01.anes.0000268484.05444.35","article-title":"Anesthetic neurotoxicity in newborns: should we change clinical practice?","volume":"107","author":"Anand","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1203\/pdr.0b013e3180986d2f","article-title":"Ketamine reduces the cell death following inflammatory pain in newborn rat brain","volume":"62","author":"Anand","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672526","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.672526","article-title":"Ketamine: neuroprotective or neurotoxic?","volume":"15","author":"Choudhury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702231168144","article-title":"Development of a primate model to evaluate the effects of ketamine and surgical stress on the neonatal brain","volume":"248","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00138","article-title":"Yew: effects of perinatal exposure to ketamine on the developing brain","volume":"13","author":"Cheung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1097\/ana.0000000000000027","article-title":"Dual effects of ketamine: neurotoxicity versus neuroprotection in anesthesia for the developing brain","volume":"26","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Anesthesiol"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2018.03.001","article-title":"Prospective follow-up of a cohort of preterm infants <33 WG receiving ketamine for tracheal intubation in the delivery room: neurological outcome at 1 and 2 years","volume":"25","author":"Elalouf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2007.07.005","article-title":"Ketamine: a controversial drug for neonates","volume":"31","author":"Bhutta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aes228","article-title":"Ketamine as an adjunct to caudal block in neonates and infants: is it time to re-evaluate?","volume":"109","author":"L\u00f6nnqvist","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-022-06534-z","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of perioperative administration of S(+)-ketamine hydrochloride injection for postoperative acute pain in children: study protocol for a prospective, multicenter, randomized, open-label, parallel-group, pragmatic clinical trial","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aem294","article-title":"Inter-individual variability in propofol pharmacokinetics in preterm and term neonates","volume":"99","author":"Allegaert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2016.11.001","article-title":"Neonatal pain management","volume":"41","author":"Carter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aen276","article-title":"Urinary propofol metabolites in early life after single intravenous bolus","volume":"101","author":"Allegaert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.70001","article-title":"Propofol: a medication that changed pediatric anesthesia practice","volume":"35","author":"Anderson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatric Anesthesia"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-04103-1","article-title":"Premedication with ketamine or propofol for less invasive surfactant administration (LISA): observational study in the delivery room","volume":"180","author":"Brotelande","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s13318-012-0109-6","article-title":"Urinary metabolites after intravenous propofol bolus in neonates","volume":"38","author":"Smits","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2019.08.011","article-title":"Propofol use in newborns and children: is it safe? A systematic review","volume":"96","author":"Filho","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr (Rio J)"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.07.049","article-title":"Propofol dose-finding to reach optimal effect for (semi-)elective intubation in neonates","volume":"179","author":"Smits","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm-2017-0184","article-title":"Biomarkers of propofol metabolism in neonates: the quest beyond ontogeny","volume":"11","author":"Smits","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomark Med"},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14620","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of propofol in neonates and infants: gestational and postnatal age to determine clearance maturation","volume":"87","author":"Sandra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31823b087a","article-title":"Evaluation of sigmoidal maturation and allometric models: prediction of propofol clearance in neonates and infants","volume":"20","author":"Mahmood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Ther"},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s10928-018-9607-8","article-title":"The use of PBPK modeling across the pediatric age range using propofol as a case","volume":"45","author":"Michelet","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12180","article-title":"The allometric exponent for scaling clearance varies with age: a study on seven propofol datasets ranging from preterm neonates to adults","volume":"77","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200212000-00010","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of propofol infusions in critically ill neonates, infants, and children in an intensive care unit","volume":"97","author":"Rigby-Jones","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.14238","article-title":"Propofol and thiopental for intravenous induction in neonates: study protocol for a dose-finding trial","volume":"67","author":"Vesselinova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2019-318474","article-title":"Propofol for endotracheal intubation in neonates: a dose-finding trial","volume":"105","author":"de Kort","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e487","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12367","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of propofol as sedative for endotracheal intubation in neonates","volume":"102","author":"Simons","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2010.03330.x","article-title":"Propofol as an induction agent for endotracheal intubation can cause significant arterial hypotension in preterm neonates","volume":"20","author":"Welzing","year":"2010","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.10014","article-title":"Premedication for neonates requiring nonemergency intubation","volume":"320","author":"Fideler","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9592.2001.0750c.x","article-title":"Propofol for intubation of the newborn?","volume":"11","author":"Veyckemans","year":"2001","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2010.03395.x","article-title":"Propofol overdose in a preterm baby: may propofol infusion syndrome arise in two hours?","volume":"20","author":"Sammartino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-019-02182-4","article-title":"Propofol formulation affects myocardial function in newborn infants","volume":"40","author":"Massolo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1383379","article-title":"Propofol and fentanyl sedation for laser treatment of retinopathy of prematurity to avoid intubation","volume":"32","author":"Piersigilli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-018-0160-3","article-title":"Cerebral autoregulation and activity after propofol for endotracheal intubation in preterm neonates","volume":"84","author":"Thewissen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15759","article-title":"Propofol in preterm neonates","volume":"110","author":"Meyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.08.064","article-title":"Integrated 3D human cerebral organoids and paediatric patient serum analysis reveals mechanisms and biomarkers of anaesthetic-induced neurotoxicity","volume":"136","author":"Pant","year":"2026","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2024.09.038","article-title":"Inhibition of the NLRP3\/caspase-1 cascade related pyroptosis relieved propofol-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in developing rats","volume":"225","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol Med"},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0000000000001544","article-title":"Recent insights into molecular mechanisms of propofol-induced developmental neurotoxicity: implications for the protective strategies","volume":"123","author":"Bosnjak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"B221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2022.105923","article-title":"Neonatal ketamine exposure impairs infrapyramidal bundle pruning and causes lasting increase in excitatory synaptic transmission in hippocampal CA3 neurons","volume":"175","author":"Cabrera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"B222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1159\/000443823","article-title":"Sedation during minimal invasive surfactant therapy in preterm infants","volume":"109","author":"Dekker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"B223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD007248","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007248.pub2","article-title":"Propofol for procedural sedation\/anaesthesia in neonates","volume":"3","author":"Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27147","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000027147","article-title":"Evaluation of efficacy and safety of propofol in the treatment of procedural sedation\/anesthesia in neonates: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0000000000004967","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the combination of propofol and ketamine for procedural sedation\/anesthesia in the pediatric population: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"132","author":"Hayes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"B226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-3132","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of propofol in newborn infants","volume":"121","author":"Papoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-022-01351-3","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine\u2014an emerging option for sedation in neonatal patients","volume":"42","author":"McDonald","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"B228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0000000000000869","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine pharmacology in neonates and infants after open heart surgery","volume":"122","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"B229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001460","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2022-001460","article-title":"Sedation and analgesia from prolonged pain and stress during mechanical ventilation in preterm infants: is dexmedetomidine an alternative to current practice?","volume":"6","author":"Ojha","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr Open"},{"key":"B230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70020","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.70020","article-title":"A systematic review of dexmedetomidine pharmacology in pediatric patients","volume":"17","author":"O'Kane","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"B231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-022-02854-8","article-title":"The impact of dexmedetomidine initiation on cardiovascular Status and oxygenation in critically ill neonates","volume":"43","author":"McPherson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"key":"B232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.08.075","article-title":"Medication use in the neonatal intensive care unit and changes from 2010 to 2018","volume":"240","author":"Stark","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0000000000003700","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine pharmacokinetics and a new dosing paradigm in infants supported with cardiopulmonary bypass","volume":"129","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"B234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.10.002","article-title":"A phase II\/III, multicenter, safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic study of dexmedetomidine in preterm and term neonates","volume":"164","author":"Chrysostomou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0291170","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0291170","article-title":"Analgesia and sedation strategies in neonates undergoing whole-body therapeutic hypothermia: a scoping review","volume":"18","author":"Joshi","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2019.04.004","article-title":"Managing neonatal pain in the era of non-invasive respiratory support","volume":"24","author":"Tauzin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-019-02708-y","article-title":"Dose rationale and pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine in mechanically ventilated new-borns: impact of design optimisation","volume":"75","author":"van Dijkman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e003004","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2024-003004","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine in neonates: utilisation trends and safety profile over time in a neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"9","author":"Kayki","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr Open"},{"key":"B239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15581","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.15581","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine versus fentanyl for sedation in extremely preterm infants","volume":"65","author":"Nakauchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"key":"B240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-021-01175-7","article-title":"An assessment of dexmedetomidine as an opioid-sparing agent after neonatal open thoracic and abdominal operations","volume":"42","author":"Sykes","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"B241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-021-00998-8","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine versus intermittent morphine for sedation of neonates with encephalopathy undergoing therapeutic hypothermia","volume":"41","author":"Cosnahan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"B242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1159\/000546017","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine as a promising neuroprotective sedoanalgesic in neonatal therapeutic hypothermia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"122","author":"Cocchi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"B243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd014212","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.Cd014212","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine for analgesia and sedation for procedural pain or discomfort in newborn infants","volume":"1","author":"Lai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2021-323411","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine affects cerebral activity in preterm infants","volume":"108","author":"Cortes-Ledesma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3233\/npm-210737","article-title":"Effect of dexmedetomidine on heart rate in neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy undergoing therapeutic hypothermia","volume":"15","author":"Elliott","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neonatal Perinatal Med"},{"key":"B246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-024-00667-1","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine for less invasive surfactant administration: a pilot study","volume":"27","author":"Nissimov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Paediatr Drugs"},{"key":"B247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13110","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine sedation combined with caudal anesthesia for lower abdominal and extremity surgery in ex-preterm and full-term infants","volume":"27","author":"Waurick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"B248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13553","article-title":"A systematic review and narrative synthesis on the histological and neurobehavioral long-term effects of dexmedetomidine","volume":"29","author":"van Hoorn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"B249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1161\/circep.114.002301","article-title":"Association between perioperative dexmedetomidine and arrhythmias after surgery for congenital heart disease","volume":"8","author":"Shuplock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"B250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1097\/jpn.0000000000000251","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine: a solution to the dilemma of pain and agitation in the mechanically ventilated preterm neonate?","volume":"31","author":"Rostas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Perinatal Neonatal Nurs"},{"key":"B251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l6459","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6459","article-title":"Does general anesthesia affect neurodevelopment in infants and children?","volume":"367","author":"McCann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1177\/19345798251318601","article-title":"Impact of dexmedetomidine during hypothermia on initiation of enteral feeding in newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"18","author":"Marsh","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neonatal Perinatal Med"},{"key":"B253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd002052","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002052.pub3","article-title":"Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"1","author":"Ng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16251-X","article-title":"Effects of morphine analgesia in ventilated preterm neonates: primary outcomes from the NEOPAIN randomised trial","volume":"363","author":"Anand","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.12295","article-title":"First-pass CYP3A-mediated metabolism of midazolam in the gut wall and liver in preterm neonates","volume":"7","author":"Brussee","year":"2018","journal-title":"CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol"},{"key":"B256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1159\/000499330","article-title":"Phenobarbital, midazolam pharmacokinetics, effectiveness, and drug-drug interaction in asphyxiated neonates undergoing therapeutic hypothermia","volume":"116","author":"Favi\u00e9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"B257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1159\/000499742","article-title":"Phenobarbital increases midazolam clearance in neonates treated with hypothermia: do we really need to know?","volume":"116","author":"Allegaert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"B258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.1097\/mjt.0000000000000506","article-title":"Prediction of clearance and dose of midazolam in preterm and term neonates: a comparative study between allometric scaling and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling","volume":"26","author":"Mansoor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Ther"},{"key":"B259","first-page":"1459","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of midazolam in preterm neonates with an insight in brain tissue: a PBPK approach","volume":"35","author":"Mansoor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pak J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"B260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1002\/cpdd.1531","article-title":"Extrapolation of midazolam disposition in neonates using physiological-based pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic modeling","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev"},{"key":"B261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.03.013","article-title":"Midazolam intoxication in a premature neonate","volume":"42","author":"Endo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"B262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-019-0533-4","article-title":"Opioid and benzodiazepine use during therapeutic hypothermia in encephalopathic neonates","volume":"40","author":"Berube","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"B263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2115998","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.15998","article-title":"Assessment of 2-year neurodevelopmental outcomes in extremely preterm infants receiving opioids and benzodiazepines","volume":"4","author":"Puia-Dumitrescu","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-019-0367-0","article-title":"Premedication with neuromuscular blockade and sedation during neonatal intubation is associated with fewer adverse events","volume":"39","author":"Ozawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"B265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1653-3","article-title":"Neonatal preintubation sedation: a national survey in Malaysia","volume":"8","author":"Hss","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"B266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1159\/000445284","article-title":"Infants operated on for necrotizing enterocolitis: towards evidence-based pain guidelines","volume":"110","author":"Meesters","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"B267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3233\/npm-190214","article-title":"Comparative safety profile of chloral hydrate versus other sedatives for procedural sedation in hospitalized infants","volume":"13","author":"Dallefeld","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neonatal Perinatal Med"},{"key":"B268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4137","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084137","article-title":"Decoding the synaptic proteome with long-term exposure to midazolam during early development","volume":"23","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-03104-y","article-title":"Comprehensive characterization of chronic midazolam exposure on neonates and long-term neurodevelopment","volume":"30","author":"Nguyen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24601","article-title":"Midazolam dose correlates with abnormal hippocampal growth and neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants","volume":"79","author":"Duerden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1863","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000207817","article-title":"Association of neonatal midazolam exposure with hippocampal growth and working memory performance in children born preterm","volume":"101","author":"Duerden","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.1429","article-title":"Recently registered midazolam doses for preterm neonates do not lead to equal exposure: a population pharmacokinetic model","volume":"59","author":"V\u00f6ller","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26498","article-title":"Midazolam prevents the adverse outcome of neonatal asphyxia","volume":"93","author":"Welzel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001512","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2022-001512","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics in critically ill neonates and infants undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a literature review","volume":"6","author":"Yalcin","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr Open"},{"key":"B275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-023-02779-9","article-title":"Grading the level of evidence of neonatal pharmacotherapy: midazolam and phenobarbital as examples","volume":"95","author":"Mahoney","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1A328","article-title":"Safety of benzodiazepines in newborns","volume":"36","author":"Ng","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"B277","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74806-9_16","article-title":"Midazolam and other benzodiazepines","volume":"182","author":"Olkkola","year":"2008","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"B278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2011.03.031","article-title":"Safety of ketorolac in surgical neonates and infants 0 to 3 months old","volume":"46","author":"Aldrink","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1017\/s1047951123004262","article-title":"Ketorolac in neonates and infants following congenital heart surgery: a retrospective review","volume":"34","author":"Kiskaddon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"key":"B280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/2049463713507439","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics of analgesic drugs","volume":"7","author":"Cregg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Pain"},{"key":"B281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-024-00672-4","article-title":"Intranasal analgesia in preterm and term neonates","volume":"27","author":"Perri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Paediatr Drugs"},{"key":"B282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2012.07.009","article-title":"Intranasal fentanyl in the palliative care of newborns and infants","volume":"46","author":"Harlos","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"B283","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3233\/npm-17149","article-title":"Intranasal midazolam and fentanyl for procedural sedation and analgesia in infants in the neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"12","author":"Ku","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neonatal Perinatal Med"},{"key":"B284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815014","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2021.815014","article-title":"Intranasal fentanyl for procedural analgesia in preterm infants","volume":"2","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pain Res"},{"key":"B285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1177\/0018578719828335","article-title":"Intranasal fentanyl use in neonates","volume":"55","author":"Kaushal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hosp Pharm"},{"key":"B286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-24-00376","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of intranasal fentanyl for pain management in infants aged 0\u20136 months: a systematic review protocol","volume":"23","author":"McCord","year":"2025","journal-title":"JBI Evid Synth"},{"key":"B287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e170","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxy060","article-title":"A cohort study of intranasal fentanyl for procedural pain management in neonates","volume":"23","author":"McNair","year":"2018","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"B288","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2010.10.122","article-title":"Use of intranasal fentanyl in palliative care of newborns and infants (416-C)","volume":"41","author":"Stenekes","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"B289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.3390\/children12091156","article-title":"Intranasal fentanyl in preterm infants undergoing peripherally inserted central catheter placement (INFENT PICC): a feasibility randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Tabbara","year":"2025","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"B290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13454","article-title":"Intranasal dexmedetomidine, as midazolam-sparing drug, for MRI in preterm neonates","volume":"28","author":"Bua","year":"2018","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"B291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2013.10.007","article-title":"Intubation in the delivery room: experience with nasal midazolam","volume":"90","author":"Baleine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"B292","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1758532","article-title":"Intranasal midazolam premedication for digital image-assisted Fundus examination in preterm neonates","volume":"39","author":"Sartorius","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"B293","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38040","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000038040","article-title":"Application of intranasal dexmedetomidine in magnetic resonance imaging of preterm infants: the ED50, efficacy and safety analysis","volume":"103","author":"Wan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B294","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asjsur.2022.08.067","article-title":"Intranasal dexmedetomidine is safe for procedural sedation in preterm and neonate infants","volume":"46","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asian J Surg"},{"key":"B295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441324","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1441324","article-title":"Intranasal dexmedetomidine reduces pain scores in preterm infants during retinopathy of prematurity screening","volume":"12","author":"Ozkan Zarif","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6597033","DOI":"10.1155\/jcpt\/6597033","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of intranasal dexmedetomidine combined with oral chloral hydrate for sedation in neonatal MRI procedures: a single-center retrospective study","volume":"2025","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"key":"B297","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.2217\/pmt-2018-0039","article-title":"Intranasal ketamine for anesthetic premedication in children: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Poonai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Manag"},{"key":"B298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0173253","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173253","article-title":"Intranasal ketamine for procedural sedation and analgesia in children: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Poonai","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-015-0313-z","article-title":"Challenges associated with route of administration in neonatal drug delivery","volume":"55","author":"Linakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"B300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-017-0217-5","article-title":"Intranasal dexmedetomidine for procedural sedation in children, a suitable alternative to chloral hydrate","volume":"19","author":"Cozzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Paediatr Drugs"},{"key":"B301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1177\/1750458919854885","article-title":"Intranasal dexmedetomidine for sedation in children; a review","volume":"30","author":"Lewis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Perioper Pract"},{"key":"B302","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19001","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000019001","article-title":"Intranasal dexmedetomidine versus oral chloral hydrate for diagnostic procedures sedation in infants and toddlers: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13529","article-title":"Sedation effects of intranasal dexmedetomidine combined with ketamine and risk factors for sedation failure in young children during transthoracic echocardiography","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"B304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02758299","article-title":"Comparative study of intranasal midazolam and intravenous diazepam sedation for procedures and seizures","volume":"73","author":"Mittal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"B305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2010.04.011","article-title":"Intranasal fentanyl for pain management in children: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"25","author":"Mudd","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr Health Care"},{"key":"B306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-05240-5","article-title":"The effect of age on outpatient pediatric procedural sedation with intranasal dexmedetomidine and oral midazolam","volume":"183","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"B307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9253710","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9253710","article-title":"EDIN Scale implemented by gestational age for pain assessment in preterms: a prospective study","volume":"2017","author":"Raffaeli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"B308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1159\/000508555","article-title":"Effect of fentanyl boluses on cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamics in preterm infants: a prospective observational study","volume":"117","author":"Mitra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"B309","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fmac019","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmac019","article-title":"Premedication with fentanyl for less invasive surfactant application (LISA): a randomized controlled trial","volume":"68","author":"Sk","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"key":"B310","first-page":"753","article-title":"Low dose remifentanyl infusion for analgesia and sedation in ventilated newborns","volume":"70","author":"Stoppa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"key":"B311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S407602","article-title":"Prolonged anesthesia induction to delivery time did not influence plasma remifentanil concentration in neonates","volume":"17","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"B312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.259","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of paracetamol across the human age-range from (pre)term neonates, infants, children to adults","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.14307","article-title":"Safety and effectiveness of intranasal dexmedetomidine together with midazolam for sedation in neonatal MRI","volume":"32","author":"Inserra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2026.1757704\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T06:55:26Z","timestamp":1774421726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2026.1757704\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"references-count":313,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2026.1757704"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2026.1757704","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"article-number":"1757704"}}