{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T05:12:48Z","timestamp":1778562768585,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Newborns are highly susceptible to infection, which leads to a higher chance of antibiotic utilization and resistance. Thus, the current study was carried out to evaluate antibiotic consumption, susceptibility, and resistance patterns among neonates.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital over 10 years to evaluate antibiotic consumption and resistance patterns among neonates. Antibiotic utilization was calculated using the defined daily dose (DDD) and days of therapy (DOT) based approach. All the data were analysed using SPSS version 29.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 447 neonates were included in the study. Aminoglycosides (DDD:3089.449, DOT:2915), penicillin (DDD:3003.22, DOT:2218), and cephalosporins (DDD:1164.88, DOT:744) were the top three commonly prescribed classes of antibiotics. A total of 21 microorganisms were identified among neonates, of which\n Coagulase-negative staphylococci<\/jats:italic>\n (17.88%), followed by\n Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n (15.01%) and\n Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n (12.14%)\n ,<\/jats:italic>\n were the top three prevalent microorganisms. Out of these 21 isolates, 16 were multidrug resistant (MDR), and 5 were non-MDR organisms. Aminoglycosides, penicillin, and lincomycin were the most resistant classes of antibiotics. Individually, gentamicin, followed by clindamycin, piperacillin\/tazobactam, amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid, meropenem, and cefoperazone\/sulbactam were commonly resistant antibiotics. The estimated consumption of penicillin (DDD:\n \u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.784, DOT:\n \u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.76) and aminoglycosides (DDD:\n \u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.745 and DOT:\n \u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.758) significantly correlated with resistance patterns among neonates.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Aminoglycosides and penicillin are the most commonly prescribed antibiotics with higher resistance among neonates, pointing towards the need for the implementation of an antimicrobial stewardship program in neonatal settings.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2026.1774875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T04:32:26Z","timestamp":1778560346000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of antibiotic consumption and resistance patterns among neonates: a 10-year retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wiona Denita","family":"Moras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), Nitte (Deemed to be University)","place":["Mangalore, Karnataka, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raushan Kumar","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Informatics and Evidence-based Medicine (CHIEM), Yenepoya (Deemed to be University)","place":["Mangalore, Karnataka, India"]},{"name":"Centre for Integrative Omics Data Science (CIODS), Yenepoya (Deemed to be University)","place":["Mangalore, Karnataka, India"]},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University)","place":["Mangalore, Karnataka, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soumya","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), Nitte (Deemed to be University)","place":["Mangalore, Karnataka, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seema Pavaman","family":"Sindgikar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, KS Hegde Medical Academy (KSHEMA), Justice KS Hegde Charitable Hospital, Nitte (Deemed to be University)","place":["Mangalore, Karnataka, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deepthi","family":"Avvaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education","place":["Manipal, Karnataka, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uday Venkat","family":"Mateti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), Nitte (Deemed to be University)","place":["Mangalore, Karnataka, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e42231","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.42231","article-title":"The challenge of antimicrobial resistance in the Indian healthcare 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