{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T07:02:32Z","timestamp":1780038152541,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017950","name":"Shanghai Municipal Health Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Understanding temporal and epidemiological patterns of pediatric infectious diseases is essential for developing targeted prevention strategies. This study investigated long-term incidence trends and epidemiological characteristics of notifiable infectious diseases among children in Xuhui District, Shanghai, from 2015 to 2023.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Surveillance data for children aged 0\u201317 years were obtained from the National Notifiable Disease Reporting System (NNDRS). Joinpoint regression was applied to identify temporal trends and significant inflection points. Age-specific distributions were analyzed and seasonal patterns were visualized using radar charts.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n From 2015 to 2023, a total of 27,940 pediatric cases involving 23 notifiable infectious diseases were reported, corresponding to an average annual incidence of 2,421.68 per 100,000 children. Joinpoint regression identified a significant inflection point in 2021. Overall incidence declined during 2015\u20132021 (APC\u2009=\u2009\u221211.71%, 95% CI: \u221230.10 to \u22121.50,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.029) and increased sharply thereafter (APC\u2009=\u2009141.05%, 95% CI: 34.40\u2013244.50,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). When COVID-19 cases were excluded, no significant long-term trend was observed (APC\u2009=\u2009\u22124.2%, 95% CI: \u221223.60 \u201320.80,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.71), indicating that the apparent post-2021 increase was driven primarily by COVID-19 notifications rather than a generalized resurgence of other pediatric infections. Disease-specific trajectories varied: influenza showed a pronounced post-pandemic surge, despite the absence of a significant long-term monotonic trend, whereas varicella, mumps, and scarlet fever continued to decline; in contrast, other infectious diarrhea showed a sustained upward trend (APC\u2009=\u20098.00%, 95% CI: 2.60\u201313.70,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.003). Over time, the age distribution shifted toward school-aged children, with a significantly increasing proportion of cases occurring among those aged \u22654 years (\n \u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n trend<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u20091475.594,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009&lt;\u20090.01).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Pediatric infectious disease epidemiology in Xuhui District underwent substantial changes across the pre-pandemic and post-pandemic periods. The sharp rise after 2021 was largely attributable to COVID-19, rather than a uniform rebound of all infectious diseases. Distinct temporal patterns across respiratory, enteric, and other infections underscore the importance of pathogen-specific transmission characteristics and age-related exposure in shaping long-term trends. These findings highlight the need for targeted, age-appropriate prevention strategies and sustained surveillance in the post-pandemic era.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2026.1777444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T06:10:44Z","timestamp":1780035044000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-term epidemiological patterns of pediatric infectious diseases in an urban district of Shanghai, 2015\u20132023"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hong","family":"Tong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Management Office, Shanghai Xuhui Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Shanghai Xuhui Health Inspection Agency","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huizhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Acute Infections Disease Prevention, Shanghai Xuhui Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Shanghai Xuhui Health Inspection Agency","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenxi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Acute Infections Disease Prevention, Shanghai Xuhui Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Shanghai Xuhui Health Inspection Agency","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Acute Infections Disease Prevention, Shanghai Xuhui Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Shanghai Xuhui Health Inspection Agency","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biao","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Acute Infections Disease Prevention, Shanghai Xuhui Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Shanghai Xuhui Health Inspection Agency","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shujun","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Management Office, Shanghai Xuhui Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Shanghai Xuhui Health Inspection Agency","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenyan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyu","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Management Office, Shanghai Xuhui Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Shanghai Xuhui Health Inspection Agency","place":["Shanghai, 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