{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T06:11:40Z","timestamp":1779257500409,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to examine the associations between serum levels of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) and obesity-related indicators in children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 208 children stratified into an obese cohort (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009104) and a control group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009104). Serum concentrations of vitamins A, D, E, and K were measured via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS), a highly sensitive and specific method for vitamin quantification. Season of blood collection was recorded and categorized as summer\/autumn or winter\/spring. Age-stratified analyses were conducted to explore associations between vitamin levels and obesity indices, including BMI, body fat percentage, and waist-to-height ratio.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Vitamin D deficiency was significantly more prevalent in the obese group (62.50% vs. 28.85%,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). Age-stratified analysis showed that vitamin D deficiency was associated with obesity in children aged 6\u201311 years (OR\u2009=\u20093.329, 95% CI: 1.618\u20136.854) and adolescents aged 11\u201317 years (OR\u2009=\u20094.890, 95% CI: 2.505\u20139.542).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings highlight a substantial association between fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and pediatric obesity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2026.1782635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T05:39:16Z","timestamp":1779255556000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The relationships between fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and childhood obesity risk"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Fang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Zhuji","place":["Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaofang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dispensary of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Zhuji","place":["Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Zhuji","place":["Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenzhen","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Zhuji","place":["Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hengdong","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Zhuji","place":["Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhouying","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","place":["Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Zhuji","place":["Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","year":""},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.1576","article-title":"Global prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"178","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867327666200824112056","article-title":"Obesity and insulin resistance: associations with chronic inflammation, genetic and epigenetic factors","volume":"28","author":"Gasmi","year":"","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-021-09640-6","article-title":"The endocrine role of brown adipose tissue: an update on actors and actions","volume":"23","author":"Gavald\u00e0-Navarro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-022-00670-7","article-title":"Serum levels of vitamin D, retinol, zinc, and CRP in relation to obesity among children and adolescents","volume":"27","author":"Zou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.7499\/j.issn.1008-8830.2111031","article-title":"Levels of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and their influencing factors in children with obesity","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin J Contemp Pediatr"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1002-266X.2021.09.007","article-title":"Observation of vitamin D levels and analysis of influencing factors in 1,180 children aged 0\u20136 years in Jinan area","volume":"61","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Shandong Med J"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3560","DOI":"10.19829\/j.zgfybj.issn.1001-4411.2022.19.020","article-title":"Analysis of fat-soluble vitamin levels in children in the main urban area of Hangzhou","volume":"37","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin J Matern Child Health"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5038","DOI":"10.3390\/nu1423503810.3390\/nu14235038","article-title":"Immune impairment associated with vitamin A deficiency: insights from clinical studies and animal model research","volume":"14","author":"Amimo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020956","article-title":"The action of vitamin D in adipose tissue: is there the link between vitamin D deficiency and adipose tissue-related metabolic disorders?","volume":"23","author":"Szymczak-Pajor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10050634","article-title":"Vitamin E beyond its antioxidant label","volume":"10","author":"Ungurianu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-020-00268-w","article-title":"A critical review of the effects of vitamin K on glucose and lipid homeostasis: its potential role in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes","volume":"20","author":"Varsamis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1159\/00051950310.1159\/000519503","article-title":"Malnutrition in obesity: is it possible?","volume":"15","author":"Kobyli\u0144ska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obes Facts"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3134","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14153134","article-title":"Adipose tissue aging and metabolic disorder, and the impact of nutritional interventions","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B15","first-page":"3","article-title":"Fat-soluble vitamins: mechanisms and metabolism. A narrative review","volume":"76","author":"Nemati","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Z J Med Lab Sci"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103211","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaf102.231","article-title":"56 evaluating the seasonality effect of vitamin D status in commercial feedlot steers and heifers","volume":"103","author":"Weigand","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2026.1782635\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T05:39:19Z","timestamp":1779255559000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2026.1782635\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"references-count":16,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2026.1782635"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2026.1782635","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"article-number":"1782635"}}