{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T06:45:34Z","timestamp":1776840334737,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Image-defined risk factors (IDRFs) were critical in managing and predicting outcomes for neuroblastoma. This study systematically evaluated baseline clinical features, IDRFs prevalence, and prognosis in thoracic neuroblastoma, explored the association between IDRFs and these features, and developed a nomogram to predict event-free survival (EFS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical and prognostic data were collected retrospectively from pediatric patients diagnosed with thoracic neuroblastoma at Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with IDRFs presence. Kaplan\u2013Meier analysis assessed the effect of IDRFs on survival. Cox regression identified independent predictors of EFS, with model selection based on the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). A nomogram was developed from these predictors and evaluated using calibration curves, time-dependent AUC curves, and decision curve analysis (DCA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Total of 105 patients were included, 56 males, with a median diagnosis age of 55 (29, 77) months. The most common diagnosis was ganglioneuroblastoma intermixed (GNBi) (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200949). Preoperative imaging found 93 IDRFs in 64 patients (60.95%), with infiltrative IDRFs being the most prevalent. 65.63% of patients had only one IDRF. Logistic regression showed that total protein (TP)\u2009\u2265\u200969.90\u2005g\/L and maximum tumor diameter (MTD)\u2009\u2265\u20095.50\u2005cm independently predicted IDRFs presence. Among 85 patients with non-ganglioneuroma diagnoses, IDRFs did not significantly affect overall survival (OS) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.289), but were linked to worse EFS (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). Cox regression identified infiltrative IDRFs, vascular IDRFs, LDH \u2265273.00\u2005U\/L, and TP\u2009\u2265\u200970.00\u2005g\/L as independent risk factors for poor EFS. Nomogram based on these variables showed favorable discrimination with C-index\u2009=\u20090.77, good calibration, and clinical utility.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thoracic neuroblastoma had unique demographic and clinical features. TP levels and tumor size were associated with the presence of IDRFs, which significantly affected EFS. The nomogram accurately predicted EFS and held potential for clinical utility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2026.1793866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T05:48:05Z","timestamp":1776836885000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of image-defined risk factors with clinical features in thoracic neuroblastoma and the development of a prognostic prediction model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chong","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zihao","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Children\u2019s Hospital, Clinical Teaching Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaiqian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yujun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jirong","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaihong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"j1863","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j1863","article-title":"Neuroblastoma","volume":"357","author":"Shohet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br Med 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