{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T12:05:07Z","timestamp":1779969907143,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate factors associated with the progression of Retinopathy of Prematurity(ROP).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective analysis was performed on 148 ROP infants. All cases were classified into type 1 and type 2 ROP according to the ETROP criteria, and those progressing from type 2 to type 1 were defined as progressive type (prog-type). Intergroup differences and relevant factors for prog-type were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among the 148 infants with ROP, 31 (20.9%) were type 1 ROP, 91 (61.5%) were type 2 ROP, and 26 (17.6%) were prog-type. Univariate analyses revealed significant differences among the three groups in gestational age (GA), birth weight(BW), delivery mode, 5-min Apgar score, hood\/nasal cannula oxygen therapy(HH\/MNCO) duration, non-invasive ventilation(NIV) duration, and presence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia(BPD) (all\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). The prog-type group had lower GA and BW, longer NIV duration and higher BPD rate. Significant differences in 5-min Apgar score and BPD existed between prog-type and type 2 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). HH\/MNCO duration differed significantly between type 1 vs. type 2 and type 1 vs. prog-type (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). Prog-type was most frequent in infants with GA of 27\u201332 weeks. In cesarean section (C-section) infants, the proportion of prog-type (12.8%) was significantly lower than that of type 1 (21.4%), while type 2 (65.8%) was significantly higher than type 1 (both\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). Type 2 was more common in the GA\u2009\u2265\u200933 weeks subgroup (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). Multinomial Logistic regression identified GA (\n                      <jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.592,\n                      <jats:italic>95% CI<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.456\u20130.768,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) and HH\/MNCO duration (\n                      <jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.960,\n                      <jats:italic>95% CI<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.925\u20130.996,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\n                      <jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.029) as independently associated with prog-type, and HH\/MNCO duration (\n                      <jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.954,\n                      <jats:italic>95% CI<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.918\u20130.992,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.016) as independently associated with type 1 ROP (all\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Different ROP groups exhibit distinct clinical characteristics. Lower GA, low BW, prolonged NIV and BPD were correlated with prog-type. Among C-section infants, prog-type was less common than type 1, whereas type 2 was more common than type 1. After multinomial adjustment, GA and HH\/MNCO duration remained independently associated with prog-type, which may help clinical risk assessment and individualized intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2026.1813325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T05:46:25Z","timestamp":1779255985000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analysis of influencing factors for progression from type 2 to type 1 in retinopathy of prematurity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Shuyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University (Hainan General Hospital)","place":["Haikou, Hainan, 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University (Hainan General Hospital)","place":["Haikou, Hainan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University)","place":["Haikou, Hainan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2021053924","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-053924","article-title":"Retinopathy of prematurity: a global perspective and recent developments","volume":"150","author":"Sabri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20121127-02","article-title":"Incidence of retinopathy of prematurity and risk factors among premature infants at a neonatal intensive care unit in 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