{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T14:03:02Z","timestamp":1790258582885,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Implementations of the SPES-2 language screening in primary pediatric care demonstrated good predictive validity and feasibility with monolingual German-speaking two-year-olds. This study examines the construct validity of translated versions of the instrument in children growing up with first languages other than German in a migration context.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      SPES-2 includes a parent-reported questionnaire and a direct assessment of word comprehension by the pediatrician. The instrument was translated into the seven most common minority languages in Austria and implemented across a range of primary care practices. For analyses, data for the four most common languages (Serbian-Bosnian-Croatian (SBC), Turkish, Albanian, Romanian; total\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091,232) were compared with a monolingual German-speaking reference group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20092,758). Wordbank data were used as a reference for language development in the respective home countries.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Correlations between outcomes from the translated parent-reported SPES-2 word lists and other language assessments were statistically significant and of moderate to high effect size, demonstrating convergent validity. Using German cut-offs, word list results for SBC, Albanian and Romanian were slightly lower than those in German, and substantially lower in the Turkish sample, that could only be partially explained by differences in parental education. Comparisons of Wordbank data for the SPES-2 wordlist in German with Croatian and Turkish showed almost identical results for German and Croatian but lower results for Turkish, indicating a possibly linguistically inadequate composition of the Turkish word list. Comparisons between the findings for total vocabulary in our study samples and Wordbank data demonstrated slightly higher results for German and Croatian, but lower results for the Turkish migrant group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Brief reports by parents of migrant origin on their two-year-old children's total vocabulary (and other language aspects) within regular pediatric well-baby check-ups seem to sufficiently reflect child language development. Comparative findings for vocabulary development by children with Turkish as their first language in a migration context demonstrate the need for linguistic adaptations of the screening tool. The SBC translation of SPES-2 does not appear to require cultural adaptations. For all translations, predictive validity for later language disorders needs to be examined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2026.1821578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:32:20Z","timestamp":1790256740000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring convergent validity of a multidimensional language screening-tool translated for use with two-year-olds in a migration context in Austria"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Holzinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurology of Senses and Language, Hospital of St. John of God","place":["Linz, Austria"]},{"name":"Clinical Research Institute for Developmental Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz","place":["Linz, Austria"]},{"name":"Institute of Linguistics, University of Graz","place":["Graz, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Habermaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurology of Senses and Language, Hospital of St. John of God","place":["Linz, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dajie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Heidelberg University, University Hospital Heidelberg and German Center for Mental Health (DZPG)","place":["Heidelberg, Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, interdisciplinary Developmental Neuroscience (iDN), Medical University of Graz","place":["Graz, Austria"]},{"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ)","place":["G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Institute for Developmental Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz","place":["Linz, Austria"]},{"name":"Department for Inclusive Education, University of Education Upper Austria","place":["Linz, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","year":"2024"},{"key":"B2","year":"2022"},{"key":"B3","author":"Fick","year":"2014"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01631.x","article-title":"Psychosocial outcomes at 15 years of children with a preschool history of speech-language impairment","volume":"47","author":"Snowling","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1348\/000709906X171127","article-title":"Longitudinal patterns of behaviour problems in children with specific speech and language difficulties: child and contextual factors","volume":"77","author":"Lindsay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Educ Psychol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e73","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-3282","article-title":"Children\u2019s language ability and psychosocial development: a 29-year follow-up study","volume":"126","author":"Schoon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2002\/093)","article-title":"A longitudinal investigation of Reading outcomes in children with language impairments","volume":"45","author":"Catts","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1159\/000021469","article-title":"Reading and writing development: report from an ongoing longitudinal study of language-disordered and normal groups from pre-school to adolescence","volume":"50","author":"Naucl\u00e9r","year":"1998","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatr Logop"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2009\/08-0142)","article-title":"Modeling developmental language difficulties from school entry into adulthood: literacy, mental health, and employment outcomes","volume":"52","author":"Law","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"B10","first-page":"151","article-title":"Treatment and persistence of speech and language disorders in children","volume-title":"Disorders, Committee on the Evaluation of the Supplemental Security Income Disability Program for Children with Speech Disorders and Language, Populations, Board on the Health of Select, Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Medicine, Institute of et al., Editors. 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