{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T06:05:11Z","timestamp":1780553111612,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) critically impacts preterm infants, often due to nutritional deficiency. Lactational protein restriction can disrupt offspring glucose\/lipid metabolism by altering gene expression and increasing branched-chain amino acid catabolism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the effects of postpartum maternal dietary restriction (MDR) on growth and lipid metabolism in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat offspring, and to explore the underlying mechanisms through Agilent microarray-based transcriptomic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      An EUGR rat model was established by maternal dietary restriction. Body weight, body length, serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and lipid profiles were monitored from postnatal day 1 to day 21. To evaluate therapeutic effects, a separate cohort of EUGR pups received recombinant human IGF-1 (rhIGF-1) or PBS. Liver transcriptomic analysis was conducted to identify differentially expressed genes. Based on transcriptomic results, lipoprotein lipase (\n                      <jats:italic>LPL<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) was overexpressed in HepG2 cells for\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      functional validation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      At 3 weeks of age, EUGR pups showed significantly lower body weight and length than controls (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01). Serum triglycerides (TG) were reduced in EUGR rats (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05), whereas total cholesterol and HDL-C were elevated. rhIGF-1 treatment did not improve growth, but significantly reduced HDL-C compared with PBS. Liver transcriptomics revealed altered expression of lipid-metabolism genes in EUGR animals; notably,\n                      <jats:italic>LPL<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression was increased. In HepG2 cells,\n                      <jats:italic>LPL<\/jats:italic>\n                      overexpression significantly downregulated the lipogenic genes\n                      <jats:italic>ACACA<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>SCD<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Maternal dietary restriction induces EUGR in rats, characterized by growth impairment and dyslipidemia. rhIGF-1 treatment failed to improve growth but modulated HDL-C levels. Liver transcriptomics in EUGR animals show upregulation of\n                      <jats:italic>LPL<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      experiments demonstrate that\n                      <jats:italic>LPL<\/jats:italic>\n                      can downregulate\n                      <jats:italic>ACACA<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>SCD<\/jats:italic>\n                      , suggesting that the\n                      <jats:italic>LPL<\/jats:italic>\n                      \/\n                      <jats:italic>ACACA<\/jats:italic>\n                      \/\n                      <jats:italic>SCD<\/jats:italic>\n                      pathway may underlie the observed triglyceride alterations in EUGR.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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