{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T12:03:14Z","timestamp":1789387394800,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lymphatic malformations (LMs) are common slow-flow vascular anomalies in children. Macrocystic LMs are particularly prone to haemorrhage and may result in life-threatening airway compression. This report describes a 2-month-old female infant with a mixed lymphatic malformation involving the maxillofacial and cervical regions complicated by acute intracystic haemorrhage and severe dyspnoea. Initial management administered at an external institution simple cyst aspiration without sclerotherapy, with subsequent rapid disease progression. The patient subsequently underwent emergency sclerotherapy with pingyangmycin (PYM, also known as bleomycin A5) under combined ultrasound and digital subtraction angiography guidance, followed by prolonged oral sirolimus therapy for 2 years. Over a 7-year follow-up period, the lesions demonstrated a durable response without significant recurrence. This case highlights that single session interventional sclerotherapy combined with adjunctive sirolimus therapy can achieve excellent long term outcomes in infants with life-threatening mixed LMs. These findings provide valuable information for the clinical management of this severe condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2026.1836317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T06:09:23Z","timestamp":1780034963000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Case Report: Lymphatic malformation in a paediatric patient with a 7-year follow-Up"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Luyao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Anomalies and Interventional Radiology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University","place":["Jinan, China"]},{"name":"Department of Vascular Anomalies and Interventional Radiology, Jinan Children's Hospital","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Anomalies and Interventional Radiology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University","place":["Jinan, China"]},{"name":"Department of Vascular Anomalies and Interventional Radiology, Jinan Children's Hospital","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0213872","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213872","article-title":"Alterations of the MEK\/ERK, BMP, and wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathways detected in the blood of individuals with lymphatic malformations","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS 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