{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T07:16:54Z","timestamp":1788419814102,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore the characteristics of gut microbiota in children with Language Developmental Delay (LDD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children aged 0\u20136 years diagnosed with LDD at the Pediatric Outpatient Department of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, and healthy children undergoing physical examinations during the same period (June 2023 to June 2024) were enrolled as study subjects. Fecal samples were collected, and the characteristics of gut microbiota were assessed using 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 50 children were enrolled, including 24 in the LDD group average age (4.1\u2009\u00b1\u20091.7) years and 26 in the control group average age (4.0\u2009\u00b1\u20091.5) years, with no significant demographic differences (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.05). The Gesell developmental score in the LDD group (60\u2009\u00b1\u200912) was significantly lower than that in the control group (102\u2009\u00b1\u200915) (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). At the phylum level, the dominant phyla were Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria, with no significant difference in abundance between groups (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.05). Alpha diversity indices, including Observed species, Chao1 index, Shannon index, and Simpson index, showed no significant difference (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.05). Beta diversity analysis (PCoA) revealed no significant difference in microbial community structure between the two groups. Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) analysis (LDA score &amp;gt; 2) indicated that the LDD group lacked certain bacterial taxa compared to the control group, including Mycobacteriaceae, Sphingobacteriaceae, Sphingobacteriales, Sphingobacteriia, Caulobacteriaceae, Caulobacterales, Erythrobacteraceae, Sphingomonadaceae, and Sphingomonadales.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children with Language Developmental Delay exhibited gut microbial dysbiosis, but no specific gut microbial composition was identified.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2026.1859609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:44:30Z","timestamp":1788417870000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characteristics of gut microbiota in children with language developmental delay"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yawen","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shouyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiping","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongchi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenkai","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","place":["Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1672-4933.2025.02.005","article-title":"Progress in language development delay in children","volume":"23","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin Sci J Hear Speech Rehabil Sci"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115171","article-title":"Developmental language disorder\u2014a comprehensive study of more than 46,000 individuals","volume":"323","author":"Nudel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2023.100713","article-title":"Prevalence, co-occurring difficulties, and risk factors of developmental language disorder: first evidence for Mandarin-speaking children in a population-based study","volume":"34","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20240131","DOI":"10.1590\/2317-1782\/e20240131en","article-title":"Correlation between risk factors that influence the development of children's Language","volume":"37","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Codas"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2837","DOI":"10.1044\/2025_JSLHR-24-00672","article-title":"What influences parenting stress? Examining parenting stress and self-efficacy across groups of children with autism spectrum disorder, at risk of developmental language disorder, and with typically developing language","volume":"68","author":"Dilbaz-G\u00fcrsoy","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000001026","article-title":"Associations between the gut microbiota and internalizing behaviors in preschool children","volume":"84","author":"van de Wouw","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1930875","article-title":"Bacteroides-dominant gut microbiome of late infancy is associated with enhanced neurodevelopment","volume":"13","author":"Tamana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171970","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1171970","article-title":"A systematic review on the impact of gastrointestinal microbiota composition and function on cognition in healthy infants and children","volume":"17","author":"McMath","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12122686","article-title":"Microbiota and autism: a review on oral and gut microbiome analysis through 16S rRNA sequencing","volume":"12","author":"Anaclerio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117467","article-title":"N-acyl glycines produced by commensal bacteria potentiate GLP-1 secretion as GPCR ligands","volume":"180","author":"Drzazga","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-061021-025355","article-title":"Current knowledge about the impact of maternal and infant nutrition on the development of the microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"43","author":"Cerd\u00f3","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2024.2436854","article-title":"Gut microbiome-gut brain axis-depression: interconnection","volume":"26","author":"Patel","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2932","article-title":"Spoken language outcomes in limited language preschoolers with autism and global developmental delay: rCT of early intervention approaches","volume":"16","author":"Kasari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23457","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-74766-x","article-title":"Atypical gut microbiota composition in a mouse model of developmental stuttering","volume":"14","author":"Nanda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1672-4933.2025.05.022","article-title":"Analysis of the influence of interaction between intestinal flora and neurophysiological factors on language development in children with autis","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin J Hear Speech Rehabil Sci"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225875","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1225875","article-title":"The gut microbiota-brain axis in neurological disorder","volume":"17","author":"Ullah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03579-9","article-title":"The associations between gut microbiota and fecal metabolites with intelligence quotient in preschoolers","volume":"24","author":"Long","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198792","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1198792","article-title":"Relationships of the gut microbiome with cognitive development among healthy school-age children","volume":"11","author":"Lapidot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6422","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-61544-0","article-title":"Gut microbiota and brain-resident CD4(+) T cells shape behavioral outcomes in autism spectrum disorder","volume":"16","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01739-1","article-title":"Multikingdom and functional gut microbiota markers for autism spectrum disorder","volume":"9","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341656","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1341656","article-title":"Functional contribution of the intestinal microbiome in autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and rett syndrome: a systematic review of pediatric and adult studies","volume":"18","author":"Caputi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.105003","article-title":"Gut microbiome differences in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism Spectrum disorder and effects of probiotic supplementation: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"161","author":"Novau-Ferr\u00e9","year":"2025","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19528","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19528","article-title":"Gut microbiota diversity and composition in children with autism spectrum disorder: associations with symptom severity","volume":"13","author":"Zeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Peerj"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55080408","article-title":"The role of gut microbiota in gastrointestinal symptoms of children with ASD","volume":"55","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792490","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.792490","article-title":"Alteration of gut microbiota: new strategy for treating autism spectrum disorder","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2358","article-title":"Changes in the gut microbiota of children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"13","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100816","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1100816","article-title":"Differences of gut microbiota and behavioral symptoms between two subgroups of autistic children based on \u03b3\u03b4T cells-derived IFN-\u03b3 levels: a preliminary study","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac278","article-title":"CAPRIN1 haploinsufficiency causes a neurodevelopmental disorder with language impairment, ADHD and ASD","volume":"146","author":"Pavinato","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102516","article-title":"Integrative multi-omics reveals microbial genomic variants driving altered host-microbe interactions in autism spectrum disorder","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.19813\/j.cnki.weishengyanjiu.2024.02.012","article-title":"Relationship between gut microbiome and neurodevelopment in early life","volume":"53","author":"Jia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Wei Sheng Yan Jiu"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2211923","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2211923","article-title":"Children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder share distinct microbiota compositions","volume":"15","author":"Bundgaard-Nielsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.3390\/biology9080210","article-title":"The effect of bacterial endotoxin LPS on serotonergic modulation of glutamatergic synaptic transmission","volume":"9","author":"Bernard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2025.05.007","article-title":"Bacteroides sphingolipids promote anti-inflammatory responses through the mevalonate pathway","volume":"33","author":"Brown","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2019.1630894","article-title":"Can we reduce autism-related gastrointestinal and behavior problems by gut microbiota based dietary modulation? A review","volume":"24","author":"Nogay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-01773-5","article-title":"Cluster-specific associations between the gut microbiota and behavioral outcomes in preschool-aged children","volume":"12","author":"van de Wouw","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1747329","article-title":"Altered gut microbial profile is associated with abnormal metabolism activity of autism Spectrum disorder","volume":"11","author":"Dan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-04681-2","article-title":"Linking metagenomic insight to cultivable microbes: isolation of a vitamin B(12)-producing sphingomonad from Indonesian tempeh","volume":"26","author":"Wijaya","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D15264","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015264.pub2","article-title":"Vitamin B12 supplementation for growth, development, and cognition in children","volume":"6","author":"Larvie","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2298697","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2298697","article-title":"Microbiome function and neurodevelopment in black infants: vitamin B (12) emerges as a key factor","volume":"16","author":"Oliphant","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-025-03831-7","article-title":"Characterization of brain microstructural changes in children with infantile vitamin B12 deficiency using diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"67","author":"Vyas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2026.1859609\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:44:34Z","timestamp":1788417874000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2026.1859609\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2026.1859609"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2026.1859609","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"article-number":"1859609"}}