{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T06:07:08Z","timestamp":1788934028769,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Temporal changes in spatiotemporal gait parameters and muscle activation may reflect progressive gait deterioration during prolonged walking in children with spastic cerebral palsy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A portable gait analysis system and surface electromyography were used to evaluate gait characteristics during a 3-minute walking protocol in 15 children with SCP and 15 age-matched healthy controls. Participants walked at a self-selected speed on a level surface. Spatiotemporal gait parameters, energy expenditure, and bilateral gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscle activation were assessed at predefined time points. Linear mixed-effects models were applied to examine group-by-time interactions while accounting for repeated measurements within participants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Linear mixed-effects model analysis revealed significant Group\u2009\u00d7\u2009Time interactions for stance phase, swing phase, step length, lower-limb forward acceleration, foot clearance angle, and walking velocity (all\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05), indicating divergent temporal trajectories between children with SCP and healthy controls. No significant Group\u2009\u00d7\u2009Time interactions were observed for single-step time, gait cycle duration, or cadence (all\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.05). For energy expenditure, a significant Group\u2009\u00d7\u2009Time interaction (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.047) indicated that the SCP group maintained elevated metabolic cost into the third minute while controls exhibited a declining trajectory. Similarly, significant Group\u2009\u00d7\u2009Time interactions were observed for bilateral gastrocnemius (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002) and tibialis anterior (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006) normalized root mean square amplitudes, reflecting a greater temporal decline in muscle activation in the SCP group from the second minute onward.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children with SCP may exhibit gradual changes in spatial-temporal gait parameters and muscle activation patterns during the later stages of a long walking task. These findings suggest that selected gait and EMG parameters in children with SCP begin to change after approximately 2\u2005min of continuous walking, indicating a potential time window for closer monitoring or structured rest breaks during rehabilitation. Further studies incorporating direct fall-risk assessment and validated fatigue measures are warranted before definitive clinical recommendations can be made.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2026.1865485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:44:00Z","timestamp":1788932640000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Temporal changes in gait parameters and muscle activation during sustained walking in children with spastic cerebral palsy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lina","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shandong Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital","place":["Binzhou Shandong Province, 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