{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T06:22:36Z","timestamp":1787552556359,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pediatric wheezing diseases are linked to the risk of progression to persistent wheezing or asthma, particularly in cases with chronic airway inflammation and genetic predisposition. Early identification of high-risk children is crucial for timely intervention, yet the recovery phase of wheezing episodes, a transitional period, is often overlooked.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We integrated RNA-seq data from GEO datasets (GSE113209 and GSE103166), focusing on 39 recovery-phase nasal mucosal samples from two independent cohorts. After log-transformation and batch-effect correction using ComBat, differential expression analysis was performed using the limma-trend method. Hierarchical clustering identified two distinct clusters, and differential gene expression (DEGs) was analyzed using GO, KEGG, GSEA, and DO methods. Immune infiltration patterns were assessed with CIBERSORT. Machine learning approaches (lasso regression, SVM-RFE) identified key biomarkers for potential subgroups in recovery samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Clustering revealed two clusters with differential immune infiltration patterns. Cluster 2 exhibited increased eosinophil, mast cell, and memory B cell infiltration. DEGs included 791 upregulated and 517 downregulated genes (|log2FC| &amp;gt;0.25,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05; 1,273 genes remained significant at FDR &amp;lt;0.05), highlighting immune activation pathways. Machine learning identified FLNA, PTGDR2, RNASE3, and IL18R1 as key biomarkers, predictive of cluster differentiation. In an external cohort, IL18R1 predicted recurrent wheezing in children with the first onset.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recovery-phase samples of wheezing illness exhibit heterogeneity. Cluster analysis revealed a subset demonstrating propensity for pro-inflammation, while biomarkers identified through machine learning correlated with immune infiltration. Furthermore, using external cohort, we confirmed the association between IL18R1 expression in recovery-phase samples and recurrent wheezing episodes. The pro-inflammatory subpopulation identified in recovery-phase samples warrants further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2026.1878743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T06:13:28Z","timestamp":1787552008000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Machine learning reveals immune heterogeneity in recovery-phase samples of pediatric wheezing"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Ben","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The People's Hospital of Longyou County, Clinical Lab, Quzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingyan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The People's Hospital of Longyou County, Clinical Lab, Quzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luyun","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The People's Hospital of Longyou County, Department of Pediatrics, Quzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Clinical Lab, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad093","article-title":"Bronchiolitis, regardless of its etiology and severity, is associated with increased risk of asthma: a population-based study","volume":"228","author":"Mu\u00f1oz-Quiles","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2023.06.024","article-title":"Clinical predictors of wheeze trajectories and associations with allergy in Asian children","volume":"131","author":"Lau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2193","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2193","article-title":"Rhinovirus and asthma: challenges and opportunities","volume":"31","author":"Ortega","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.08.008","article-title":"Childhood respiratory viral infections and the microbiome","volume":"152","author":"Kloepfer","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.08.003","article-title":"Role of viral infections in the development and exacerbation of asthma in children","volume":"140","author":"Jartti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115687","article-title":"A life course approach to asthma and wheezing among young children caused by ozone: a prospective birth cohort in northern China","volume":"226","author":"Bai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2201141","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01141-2022","article-title":"Early-life respiratory infections and pre-adult asthma: could there be an interaction and differential misclassification?","volume":"60","author":"Perret","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.07.008","article-title":"The association between prenatal F2-isoprostanes and child wheeze\/asthma and modification by maternal race","volume":"189","author":"Adgent","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free Radic Biology Medicine"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/s2352-4642(23)00225-0","article-title":"Effectiveness of the quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine against influenza-related hospitalisations and morbidity among children aged 2 to 6 years in Denmark: a nationwide cohort study emulating a target trial","volume":"7","author":"Kildegaard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23859-6","article-title":"Integrated omics endotyping of infants with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis and risk of childhood asthma","volume":"12","author":"Raita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2018-0009OC","article-title":"Clinical and pathologic factors predicting future asthma in wheezing children. 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