{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T05:51:42Z","timestamp":1791525102422,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infants undergoing tracheostomy placement who require long-term mechanical ventilation are a growing population, and few studies have investigated the methods by which infants are transitioned from a hospital ventilator to modes of home respiratory support after tracheostomy placement. It is difficult to estimate the timeline for this transition, leaving providers without sufficient evidence to counsel caregivers of these infants before and during this process.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This retrospective cohort study examined data from infants (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200976) with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) who underwent tracheostomy placement and describes the timeline of this transition from tracheostomy placement to discharge and other relevant characteristics affecting this transition.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Though the infants without BPD were expected to vary greatly from those with BPD due to different and more heterogeneous physiology, the infants without BPD had similar in-hospital mortality and corrected age at tracheostomy placement, discharge, and other relevant timepoints in their transition to a mode of home respiratory support compared to those with BPD. Placement on a pressure-controlled ventilator mode at the start of transition showed a reduced time from stability on a home ventilator to discharge compared to those placed on volume-controlled ventilation in this cohort. Infants discharged on a heated-humidified tracheostomy collar had a similar time from stability on their mode of home respiratory support to hospital discharge compared to infants discharged on a portable home ventilator.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infants with and without BPD had similar transition timelines after tracheostomy placement. The mode of home respiratory support significantly affected this timeline in this small cohort, providing important hypothesis-generating data to inform further research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2026.1887686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T05:30:09Z","timestamp":1791523809000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Relative timelines for transition from a hospital ventilator to invasive home respiratory support after tracheostomy in infants with chronic respiratory failure"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Megan","family":"Ottomeyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine","place":["Saint Louis, MO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah","family":"Hillman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine","place":["Saint Louis, MO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Josephsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine","place":["Saint Louis, MO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Buchanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Outcomes Research, Saint Louis University","place":["Saint Louis, MO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, SSM Health Cardinal Glennon Children\u2019s Hospital","place":["Saint Louis, MO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurtis T.","family":"Sobush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine","place":["Saint Louis, MO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S1084-2756(02)00220-8","article-title":"Tracheostomy and home ventilation in children","volume":"8","author":"Amin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin Neonatol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23657","article-title":"A decade of pediatric tracheostomies: indications, outcomes, and long-term prognosis","volume":"52","author":"McPherson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2009.180836","article-title":"Patient characteristics associated with in-hospital mortality in children following tracheotomy","volume":"95","author":"Berry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2021.110985","article-title":"Nationwide tracheostomy among neonatal admissions\u2014a cross-sectional analysis","volume":"152","author":"Guirguis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25841","article-title":"Disparities in tracheostomies and gastrostomy tubes in infants at the edge of viability","volume":"57","author":"Elgendy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20192371","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-2371","article-title":"Tracheostomy in very low birth weight infants: a prospective multicenter study","volume":"145","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-018-0142-7","article-title":"Predictors of length of stay for initial hospitalization in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"38","author":"Morrow","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26328","article-title":"Sociodemographic factors associated with tracheostomy and mortality in bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"58","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066367","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.1066367","article-title":"Tracheostomy in infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a review","volume":"10","author":"Akangire","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.01.072","article-title":"Risk factors and in-hospital outcomes following tracheostomy in infants","volume":"173","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1491","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-1943","article-title":"Tracheostomy for infants requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation: 10 years\u2019 experience","volume":"131","author":"Overman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-021-00974-2","article-title":"A multidisciplinary chronic lung disease team in a neonatal intensive care unit is associated with increased survival to discharge of infants with tracheostomy","volume":"41","author":"Hansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25455","article-title":"Morbidity and respiratory outcomes in infants requiring tracheostomy for severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"56","author":"House","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26274","article-title":"Transition from intensive care unit to a portable ventilator in children with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"58","author":"McKinney","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2022.07.002","article-title":"Care intensity and palliative care in chronically critically ill infants","volume":"64","author":"Deming","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26072","article-title":"Characteristics and outcome of infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia established on long-term ventilation from neonatal intensive care","volume":"57","author":"Ong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2019.101041","article-title":"Transitioning from an ICU ventilator to a portable home ventilator","volume":"24","author":"Fierro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-022-01575-3","article-title":"Hyperinflation and its association with successful transition to home ventilator devices in infants with chronic respiratory failure and severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"43","author":"Lagoski","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202206065","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-060651","article-title":"Respiratory outcomes for ventilator-dependent children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"151","author":"Manimtim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.29390\/cjrt-2018-001","article-title":"A pilot study to assess short-term physiologic outcomes of transitioning infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia from ICU to two subacute ventilators","volume":"54","author":"DiBlasi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Respir Ther"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.07641","article-title":"Transition from an ICU ventilator to a portable home ventilator in children","volume":"65","author":"Willis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.01.043","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: executive summary of a workshop","volume":"197","author":"Higgins","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.10.036","article-title":"Ventilatory strategies in infants with established severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a multicenter point prevalence study","volume":"242","author":"McKinney","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1729888","article-title":"Pulmonary support of infants with tracheotomies in a regional neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"40","author":"Attar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-021-01181-9","article-title":"Survival and decannulation across indications for infant tracheostomy: a twelve-year single-center cohort study","volume":"42","author":"Sillers","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-01183-x","article-title":"Respiratory, growth, and survival outcomes of infants with tracheostomy and ventilator dependence","volume":"90","author":"Akangire","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"aamag162-1180","DOI":"10.1093\/ajrccm\/aamag162.1180","article-title":"B105-24 the impact of volume-targeted pressure support on the transition to a home ventilator among children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and tracheostomies","volume":"212","author":"Tilly-Gratton","year":"2026","journal-title":"AJRCCM"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.22572","article-title":"Tracheostomy placement in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: safety and outcomes","volume":"48","author":"Mandy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1542\/hpeds.2015-0277","article-title":"Identification of fail points for discharging pediatric patients with new tracheostomy and ventilator","volume":"6","author":"Sobotka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hosp Pediatr"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25273","article-title":"Tracheostomy trends in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in the United States: 2008-2017","volume":"56","author":"Donda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20181951","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-1951","article-title":"Home health care availability and discharge delays in children with medical complexity","volume":"143","author":"Maynard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201602-0276ST","article-title":"An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline: pediatric chronic home invasive ventilation","volume":"193","author":"Sterni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2003.028316","article-title":"Sending children home on tracheostomy dependent ventilation: pitfalls and outcomes","volume":"89","author":"Edwards","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71446","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.71446","article-title":"Social determinants of health are associated with length of stay for chronically ventilated children","volume":"61","author":"Tilly-Gratton","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2026.1887686\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T05:30:10Z","timestamp":1791523810000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2026.1887686\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2026.1887686"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2026.1887686","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"article-number":"1887686"}}