{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:31:12Z","timestamp":1787725872620,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to describe the epidemiological characteristics and direct healthcare costs of hospitalizations resulting from staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) in Spain, stratified by age group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective, population-based study included all patients hospitalized with SSSS in Spain between 2016 and 2023. Data were obtained from the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database and stratified into three age groups for the main analysis: 0\u20134 years, 5\u201314 years, and \u226515 years. Outcomes were hospitalization rates per 100,000 admissions and per 1,000,000 population. Temporal trends were assessed using linear regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Children aged 0\u20134 years accounted for most the 1100 SSSS-related hospitalizations (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009817, 74.3%), followed by those aged 5\u201314 years (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009199, 18.1%) and adults (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200984, 7.6%). Hospitalizations increased 278% over the study period (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200973 in 2016 vs.\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009276 in 2023, p for trend &amp;lt;0.001). Hospitalization rates followed a similar pattern (p for trend &amp;lt;0.001), both per 100,000 admissions (from 1.66 to 5.92) and per 1,000,000 pop. (from 1.57 to 5.71). The highest rates were consistently observed in children aged 0\u20134 years, reaching 119.04 per 1,000,000 pop. in 2023. Forty-nine children (4.9%) were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), with significantly higher rates in newborns (19.6%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). Two newborns (4.3%) and 16 (19.0%) adults died during admission (1.6%). Adults had more comorbidities and experienced worse clinical outcomes compared to children.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SSSS hospitalizations in Spain are rising, primarily affecting young children. Severity varies by age and is most pronounced in infants and adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2026.1888820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:03:04Z","timestamp":1787724184000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hospitalizations for staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in Spain (2016\u20132023): unequal disease burden concentrated in infants"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Isabel","family":"Belinch\u00f3n-Romero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University","place":["Alicante, Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Dr. Balmis General University Hospital","place":["Alicante, Spain"]},{"name":"Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL)","place":["Alicante, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9-Manuel","family":"Ramos-Rinc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University","place":["Alicante, Spain"]},{"name":"Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL)","place":["Alicante, Spain"]},{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease, Dr. Balmis General University Hospital","place":["Alicante, Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Balmis General University Hospital","place":["Alicante, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12010038","article-title":"Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in neonates: case series and overview of outbreaks","volume":"12","author":"Nusman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-018-0150-x","article-title":"Staphylococcal-scalded skin syndrome: evaluation, diagnosis, and management","volume":"14","author":"Leung","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J Pediatr"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12040632","article-title":"Staphylococcal infections and neonatal skin: data from literature and suggestions for the clinical management from four challenging patients","volume":"12","author":"De Rose","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.17462","article-title":"Understanding host's Response to staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome","volume":"114","author":"Rouva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-025-05204-7","article-title":"Community-acquired staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in an immunocompetent adult","volume":"44","author":"Cimolai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12541","article-title":"Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome: diagnosis and management in children and adults","volume":"28","author":"Handler","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1157\/13116226","article-title":"S\u00edndrome de escaldadura estafiloc\u00f3cica [staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome]","volume":"68","author":"Nso Roca","year":"2008","journal-title":"An Pediatr (Barc)"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.4321\/s1137-66272014000300017","article-title":"Clindamicina como terapia adyuvante en el s\u00edndrome de piel escaldada estafiloc\u00f3cica [clindamycin as adjuvant therapy in staphilococcal skin scalded syndrome]","volume":"37","author":"Gil S\u00e1enz","year":"2014","journal-title":"An Sist Sanit Navar"},{"key":"B9","first-page":"10790","volume":"32","year":"2015"},{"key":"B10","year":""},{"key":"B11","year":""},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1154","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab1014","article-title":"Decline in pneumococcal disease in young children during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Israel associated with suppression of seasonal respiratory viruses, despite persistent pneumococcal carriage: a prospective cohort study","volume":"75","author":"Danino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400242","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.20.2400242","article-title":"B\u00f8\u00e5s H. 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