{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T10:17:29Z","timestamp":1787739449755,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a leading preventable cause of childhood blindness, particularly among premature infants. This transnational narrative review synthesizes international evidence on the economic and social burden of ROP from 2003 to 2025, focusing on the cost-effectiveness of screening, diagnostic imaging, and treatment strategies. A structured PubMed search using the terms \u201cROP neonate social cost\u201d and \u201ceconomic impact of ROP\u201d was supplemented through the \u201cSimilar Articles\u201d and \u201cCited Articles\u201d functions. The review included cost-effectiveness analyses, cost-utility studies, burden-of-disease reports, and policy-related evidence published in all languages. Following the thematic framework proposed by Rivero-Arias et al. (2024), the evidence was synthesized to explore the economic implications of ROP screening and management while informing future policy directions. Evidence from 15 eligible studies identified through the primary search was complemented by 71 additional relevant publications identified through PubMed citation tracking. The available evidence suggests that AI-assisted telescreening and smartphone-based imaging may represent cost-effective and scalable screening strategies, while mobile screening units and national telemedicine networks appear feasible in low- and middle-income countries. The reviewed literature also indicates that the long-term societal costs associated with ROP-related blindness substantially exceed those of timely screening and early intervention. However, important evidence gaps remain regarding long-term follow-up costs, the comparative cost-effectiveness of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy vs. laser photocoagulation, and the economic consequences of delayed or missed screening. Successful ROP care models involve multisectoral collaboration among healthcare systems, education, and technology stakeholders. National initiatives in Argentina, India, Rwanda, and Saudi Arabia illustrate how integrated screening programmes, digital innovation, and international collaboration may reduce preventable ROP-related blindness while improving equitable access to care. From a policy perspective, healthcare systems should consider prioritizing screening programmes, validated telemedicine and AI-assisted technologies, national screening registries, and workforce training through tele-education. Future research should expand societal cost and cost-effectiveness analyses, particularly in high-income countries, strengthen AI validation studies, and develop country-specific economic models reflecting local healthcare resources and neonatal intensive care unit organization. Adaptive screening policies, supported by interdisciplinary collaboration and regular updates of screening guidelines, will be essential to reducing the long-term social and economic burden of ROP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2026.1894390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T09:17:43Z","timestamp":1787735863000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The social and economic burden of retinopathy of prematurity: screening, treatment, and health policy perspectives in a transnational narrative review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Maria Ester","family":"Canepa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Mother-Child Health, University of Genoa","place":["Genoa, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Serafino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Mother-Child Health, University of Genoa","place":["Genoa, Italy"]},{"name":"IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini","place":["Genoa, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Striano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Mother-Child Health, University of Genoa","place":["Genoa, Italy"]},{"name":"IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini","place":["Genoa, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca A.","family":"Ramenghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Mother-Child Health, University of Genoa","place":["Genoa, Italy"]},{"name":"IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini","place":["Genoa, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2025.102925","article-title":"Advances in eye-brain axis: anatomy, immunity, and association with visual dysfunction","volume":"113","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2021053924","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-053924","article-title":"Retinopathy of prematurity: a global perspective and recent developments","volume":"150","author":"Sabri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2023.4787","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants screened for retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"141","author":"Karmouta","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5053","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09053-8","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes in very low birthweight infants with retinopathy of prematurity in a nationwide cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Ahn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4103\/ojo.OJO_221_2017","article-title":"Ocular outcomes and comorbidities in preterm infants enrolled for retinopathy of prematurity screening: a cohort study from western India","volume":"12","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oman J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2452883","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.52883","article-title":"Intraventricular hemorrhage and survival, multimorbidity, and neurodevelopment","volume":"8","author":"Rees","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.102967","article-title":"Global prevalence and severity of retinopathy of prematurity over the last four decades (1985\u20132021): a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721261415977","article-title":"Global, regional and national patterns in ROP research up to the pre-COVID-19 era: a systematic bibliometric review between 1950 and 2020","volume":"36","author":"Palacio Varona","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e057864","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-057864","article-title":"Costs associated with retinopathy of prematurity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Gyllensten","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-023-01311-5","article-title":"Evaluating the quantity and quality of health economic literature in blinding childhood disorders: a systematic literature review","volume":"42","author":"Teoh","year":"2024","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-018-0975-z","article-title":"Demographic profile and ocular characteristics of stage 5 retinopathy of prematurity at a referral center in Northwest China: implications for implementation","volume":"18","author":"Dou","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B12","year":""},{"key":"B13","volume-title":"Expert Searching: Finding Related Articles","year":"2026"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462399015226","article-title":"Comparison of literature searches on quality and costs for health technology assessment using the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases","volume":"15","author":"Topfer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Technol Assess Health Care"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462318000636","article-title":"Which databases should be used to identify studies for systematic reviews of economic evaluations?","volume":"34","author":"Arber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Technol Assess Health Care"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2014.12.017","article-title":"Using data sources beyond PubMed has a modest impact on the results of systematic reviews of therapeutic interventions","volume":"68","author":"Halladay","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2014.03.919","article-title":"Incremental hospital costs associated with comorbidities of prematurity","volume":"17","author":"Black","year":"2014","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29173\/jchla29657","article-title":"Elicit (product review)","volume":"44","author":"Kung","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Can Health Libr Assoc"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/PYTK6591","article-title":"Benefits and harms of antenatal and newborn screening programmes in health economic assessments: the VALENTIA systematic review and qualitative investigation","volume":"28","author":"Rivero-Arias","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115428","article-title":"Benefits and harms adopted by health economic assessments evaluating antenatal and newborn screening programmes in OECD countries: a systematic review of 336 articles and reports","volume":"314","author":"Png","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.3390\/children13060779","article-title":"Cumulative burden of neonatal morbidities and its impact on medical costs and length of stay in preterm infants: a nationwide study in Korea","volume":"13","author":"Baek","year":"2026","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715127","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1715127","article-title":"Oxygen blenders for prevention of retinopathy of prematurity are highly cost-effective in Uganda","volume":"13","author":"Smith","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1177\/15305627251369875","article-title":"Impact of telemedicine on retinopathy of prematurity screening at a level II neonatal intensive care unit in Southwest Oklahoma: a 6-year experience","volume":"32","author":"Chatmethakul","year":"2026","journal-title":"Telemed J E Health"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X0910300305","article-title":"The impact of war and economic sanction on the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity in Serbia","volume":"103","author":"Mladenovich","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vis Impair Blind"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8229","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12297","article-title":"Screening for retinopathy of prematurity in China: a neonatal units\u2013based prospective study","volume":"54","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-012-0707-y","article-title":"Retinopathy of prematurity in a rural neonatal intensive care unit in south India\u2014a prospective study","volume":"79","author":"Hungi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-9233.84047","article-title":"Adopting western retinopathy of prematurity screening programs in eastern countries, are we screening properly?","volume":"18","author":"Gharaibeh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F196","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-304508","article-title":"Retinopathy of prematurity in English neonatal units: a national population-based analysis using NHS operational data","volume":"99","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B29","first-page":"322","article-title":"A multi-country, cross-sectional observational study of retinopathy of prematurity in Latin America and the Caribbean","volume":"39","author":"Arnesen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12506","article-title":"Evaluation of new guidelines for ROP screening in Sweden using SWEDROP \u2013 a national quality register","volume":"93","author":"Holmstr\u00f6m","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh)"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.0223","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of artificial intelligence\u2013based retinopathy of prematurity screening","volume":"140","author":"Morrison","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e257831","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.7831","article-title":"AI-enabled screening for retinopathy of prematurity in low-resource settings","volume":"8","author":"Ortiz","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.4103\/tjo.tjo_48_17","article-title":"A mobile team for screening of retinopathy of prematurity in India: cost\u2014effectiveness, outcomes, and impact assessment","volume":"7","author":"Kelkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Taiwan J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-620X.200684","article-title":"Mobile unit for retinopathy of prematurity screening and management at urban neonatal intensive care units: outcomes and impact assessment","volume":"10","author":"Kelkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oman J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2015.05.002","article-title":"Role of tele-medicine in retinopathy of prematurity screening in rural outreach centers in India \u2013 a report of 20,214 imaging sessions in the KIDROP program","volume":"20","author":"Vinekar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757258","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.757258","article-title":"Cost\u2013utility analysis of wide-field imaging as an auxiliary technology for retinopathy of prematurity care in Brazil","volume":"9","author":"Neves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e056498","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-056498","article-title":"Portable wide-field digital imaging for screening of neonatal visual impairment causes in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: a budget impact analysis","volume":"12","author":"Haefeli","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11786329251347684","DOI":"10.1177\/11786329251347684","article-title":"Remote eye triage: health economic perspectives on resource prioritization","volume":"18","author":"Van Der Zee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Serv Insights"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_93_22","article-title":"Saudi Arabian retinopathy of prematurity national telemedicine program: achievements and challenges","volume":"36","author":"Al Amro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czy004","article-title":"Reducing blindness from retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in Argentina through collaboration, advocacy and policy implementation","volume":"33","author":"Hariharan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.39.3.7053","article-title":"Smartphone-based fundus imaging for evaluation of retinopathy of prematurity in a low-income country: a pilot study","volume":"39","author":"Choudhary","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-025-00725-x","article-title":"Smartphone-based retinal camera modified for ROP screening","volume":"11","author":"De Sant\u2019Ana","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Retin Vitr"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2023.1466","article-title":"Efficacy of smartphone-based telescreening for retinopathy of prematurity with and without artificial intelligence in India","volume":"141","author":"Young","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19711","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56155-x","article-title":"Non-contact smartphone-based fundus imaging compared to conventional fundus imaging: a low-cost alternative for retinopathy of prematurity screening and documentation","volume":"9","author":"Wintergerst","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.02.014","article-title":"Assessment of a tele-education system to enhance retinopathy of prematurity training by international ophthalmologists-in-training in Mexico","volume":"124","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.04.014","article-title":"The economic model of retinopathy of prematurity (EcROP) screening and treatment: Mexico and the United States","volume":"168","author":"Rothschild","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2012.04.003","article-title":"The societal burden of blindness secondary to retinopathy of prematurity in Lima, Peru","volume":"154","author":"Dave","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2017.v107i3.11080","article-title":"The efficacy of intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor as primary treatment of retinopathy of prematurity: experience from a tertiary hospital","volume":"107","author":"Kana","year":"2017","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-023-01543-3","article-title":"The efficacy and ocular safety following aflibercept, conbercept, ranibizumab, bevacizumab, and laser for retinopathy of prematurity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2024.02.005","article-title":"Comparison of different agents and doses of anti-vascular endothelial growth factors (aflibercept, bevacizumab, conbercept, ranibizumab) versus laser for retinopathy of prematurity: a network meta-analysis","volume":"69","author":"Ortiz-Seller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068367","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1068367","article-title":"The price of neonatal intensive care outcomes \u2013 in-hospital costs of morbidities related to preterm birth","volume":"11","author":"Rolnitsky","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01769-z","article-title":"Economic costs at age five associated with very preterm birth: multinational European cohort study","volume":"92","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14357","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-98868-2","article-title":"Rising public costs of preterm infant hospitalization in South Korea from a nationwide observational study","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(16)30004-4","article-title":"Economic opportunity: a determinant of health?","volume":"1","author":"Katikireddi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(16)30005-6","article-title":"Economic opportunity, health behaviours, and health outcomes in the USA: a population-based cross-sectional study","volume":"1","author":"Venkataramani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000003875","article-title":"A multicenter study of retinopathy of prematurity follow-up adherence","volume":"43","author":"Mahmud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806691","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.806691","article-title":"Health equity and disparities in ROP care: a need for systematic evaluation","volume":"10","author":"Ndukwe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e003471","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003471","article-title":"The economic burden of visual impairment and blindness: a systematic review","volume":"3","author":"K\u00f6berlein","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-019-01115-5","article-title":"Economic burden of blindness and visual impairment in Germany from a societal perspective: a cost-of-illness study","volume":"21","author":"Chuvarayan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Health Econ"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23224","article-title":"The economic burden of visual impairment and comorbid fatigue: a cost-of-illness study (from a societal perspective)","volume":"59","author":"Schakel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30366-7","article-title":"Visual impairment, severe visual impairment, and blindness in children in Britain (BCVIS2): a national observational study","volume":"5","author":"Teoh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.3449","article-title":"Association of socioeconomics with prevalence of visual impairment and blindness","volume":"135","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2017.1281426","article-title":"The economic impact of blindness in Europe","volume":"24","author":"Chakravarthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3470","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_502_22","article-title":"The economic and social costs of visual impairment and blindness in India","volume":"70","author":"Wong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100852","article-title":"Global economic productivity losses from vision impairment and blindness","volume":"35","author":"Marques","year":"2021","journal-title":"eClinicalMed"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-023-07300-5","article-title":"Deprived areas and adverse perinatal outcome: a systematic review","volume":"309","author":"Novillo-Del-\u00c1lamo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12430","article-title":"Deprived neighborhoods and adverse perinatal outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"93","author":"Vos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000005809","article-title":"Area poverty and adverse birth outcomes: an opportunity for quality improvement","volume":"145","author":"Madden","year":"2025","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2316067","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.16067","article-title":"Association of preterm birth and socioeconomic Status with neonatal brain structure","volume":"6","author":"Mckinnon","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106061","article-title":"The impact of socio-environmental factors on brain structure over the early life course of preterm-born individuals\u2014a systematic review","volume":"170","author":"Barda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2026.1894390\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T09:17:45Z","timestamp":1787735865000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2026.1894390\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"references-count":70,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2026.1894390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2026.1894390","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"article-number":"1894390"}}