{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T11:10:15Z","timestamp":1788952215597,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a common three-dimensional spinal deformity. Non-surgical interventions are important for controlling curve progression and maintaining quality of life, but their comparative effectiveness remains uncertain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the effects of commonly used non-surgical interventions for AIS on Cobb angle and SRS-22 outcomes through a systematic review and network meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed\/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and major Chinese databases were searched from inception to April 4, 2026. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing non-surgical interventions and reporting Cobb angle or SRS-22 were included for the primary network meta-analysis. Prospective non-randomized studies served as supplementary evidence. Effect sizes were expressed as standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Ranking was assessed using SUCRA, interpreted cautiously with heterogeneity and evidence sparsity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirteen comparative studies (709 AIS subjects) were included (10 RCTs, 3 non-randomized). Interventions included Schroth training, bracing, scoliosis-specific exercises, core stabilization, and traditional Chinese medicine rehabilitation. Traditional pairwise meta-analysis showed a pooled SMD of \u22121.39 (95% CI: \u22122.20 to \u22120.59) with high heterogeneity (I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200995.1%). Network ranking suggested that bracing and Schroth-related therapies had a trend toward better short-term Cobb angle control, but most estimates were imprecise and the evidence network was sparse. Evidence on SRS-22 was limited and exploratory.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Some non-surgical interventions may improve Cobb angle in AIS; bracing and Schroth-related therapies show a trend toward relative superiority for short-term Cobb angle control. However, due to sparse networks, high heterogeneity, and potential small-study effects, results should be interpreted cautiously and not solely based on SUCRA rankings. SRS-22 evidence remains insufficient. High-quality RCTs with longer follow-up are needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PROSPERO CRD42024546325.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2026.1908709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T10:16:33Z","timestamp":1788948993000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis non-surgical interventions: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of Cobb angle and SRS-22 outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Shaobo","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feihong","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Spine Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruixuan","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ophthalmology and Optometry (School of Biomedical Engineering), Wenzhou Medical University","place":["Wenzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spine Orthopedics, Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spine Orthopedics, Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Longnan","place":["Longnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Leng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spine Orthopedics, Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Chinese Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spine Orthopedics, Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spine Orthopedics, Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyun","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spine Orthopedics, Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haitao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Joint and Knee Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dezhi","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Spine Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiantao","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spine Orthopedics, Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spine Orthopedics, Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: common questions and answers","volume":"101","author":"Kuznia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13013-017-0145-8","article-title":"2016 SOSORT guidelines: orthopaedic and rehabilitation treatment of idiopathic scoliosis during growth","volume":"13","author":"Negrini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scoliosis Spinal Disord"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.08.051","article-title":"Enhancing precision and safety in spinal surgery: a comprehensive review of robotic assistance technologies","volume":"191","author":"\u0141ajczak","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9240","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159240","article-title":"Physiotherapeutic scoliosis-specific exercise methodologies used for conservative treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, and their effectiveness: an extended literature review of current research and practice","volume":"19","author":"Seleviciene","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B5","first-page":"1189","article-title":"Current status of non-surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"31","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zhong Guo Jiao Xing Wai Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2024.14702","article-title":"Evaluation of immune checkpoint inhibitors for colorectal cancer: a network meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Tzang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-024-00718-4","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of different exercises for reducing pain intensity in primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"10","author":"Tsai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2385","article-title":"The PRISMA extension statement for reporting of systematic reviews incorporating network meta-analyses of health care interventions: checklist and explanations","volume":"162","author":"Hutton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215515575745","article-title":"The efficacy of three-dimensional schroth exercises in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a randomised controlled clinical trial","volume":"30","author":"Kuru","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e249492","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249492","article-title":"The effectiveness of two different exercise approaches in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a single-blind, randomized-controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Kocaman","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e168746","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168746","article-title":"Schroth physiotherapeutic scoliosis-specific exercises added to the standard of care lead to better cobb angle outcomes in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis\u2014an assessor and statistician blinded randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Schreiber","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364616664151","article-title":"The effectiveness of core stabilization exercise in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"41","author":"Gur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003451","article-title":"Effects of specific exercise therapy on adolescent patients with idiopathic scoliosis: a prospective controlled cohort study","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2352492","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.52492","article-title":"Nighttime bracing or exercise in moderate-grade adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"7","author":"Charalampidis","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta19550","article-title":"Active treatment for idiopathic adolescent scoliosis (ACTIvATeS): a feasibility study","volume":"19","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.97B7.35147","article-title":"An alternative to a randomised control design for assessing the efficacy and effectiveness of bracing in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","author":"Fong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bone Joint J"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0195","article-title":"Specific exercises reduce brace prescription in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a prospective controlled cohort study with worst-case analysis","volume":"40","author":"Negrini","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-05340-2","article-title":"The effect of pilates-based exercise applied with hybrid telerehabilitation method in children with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"183","author":"Manzak Dursun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2024.102952","article-title":"Comparison of the efficacy of schroth and Lyon exercise treatment techniques in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a randomized controlled, assessor and statistician blinded study","volume":"72","author":"B\u00fcy\u00fckturan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Sci Pract"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001160","article-title":"Could the clinical effectiveness be improved under the integration of orthotic intervention and scoliosis-specific exercise in managing adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?: a randomized controlled trial study","volume":"98","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-6272(15)30133-3","article-title":"Effect of a traditional Chinese medicine combined therapy on adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"35","author":"Hui","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7161-7-3","article-title":"2011 SOSORT guidelines: orthopaedic and rehabilitation treatment of idiopathic scoliosis during growth","volume":"7","author":"Negrini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scoliosis"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000001799","article-title":"Schroth exercises improve health-related quality of life and radiographic parameters in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients","volume":"134","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.3390\/children10060954","article-title":"Schroth physiotherapeutic scoliosis-specific exercise (PSSE) trials-systematic review of methods and recommendations for future research","volume":"10","author":"Schreiber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s40945-022-00150-5","article-title":"Brace and physiotherapeutic scoliosis specific exercises (PSSE) for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) treatment: a prospective study following scoliosis research society (SRS) criteria","volume":"12","author":"Karavidas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Physiother"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58081024","article-title":"The effects of short- and long-term spinal brace use with and without exercise on spine, balance, and gait in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"58","author":"da Silveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2019.07.008","article-title":"Brace treatment in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: risk factors for failure-a literature review","volume":"19","author":"Hawary","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3366","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4747-2","article-title":"Incidence of cancer in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients treated 25 years previously","volume":"25","author":"Simony","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.11.055","article-title":"Management decisions for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis significantly affect patient radiation exposure","volume":"14","author":"Presciutti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.03.103","article-title":"The superiority of schroth exercise combined brace treatment for mild-to-moderate adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"186","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.23.07654-2","article-title":"The effectiveness of schroth method in cobb angle, quality of life and trunk rotation angle in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"Ceballos-Laita","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40945-019-0060-9","article-title":"Review of scoliosis-specific exercise methods used to correct adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"9","author":"Day","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Physiother"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000002389","article-title":"Efficacy of different exercises on mild to moderate adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"103","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24.00096","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.24.00096","article-title":"The schroth method for pediatric scoliosis: a systematic and critical analysis review","volume":"12","author":"Baumann","year":"2024","journal-title":"JBJS Rev"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.47176\/mjiri.38.90","article-title":"Schroth and asymmetric spinal stabilization exercises\u2019 effectiveness on back pain and trunk muscle endurance in adolescents\u2019 idiopathic scoliosis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"38","author":"Khaledi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med J Islam Repub Iran"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60101637","article-title":"Effects of a long-term supervised schroth exercise program on the severity of scoliosis and quality of life in individuals with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a randomized clinical trial study","volume":"60","author":"Kyrkousis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.12200\/j.issn.1003-0034.2022.01.007","article-title":"Effect of traditional Chinese medicine massage on the rehabilitation of spinal function in scoliosis patients undergoing 3D printing orthopedic surgery","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zhongguo Gu Shang"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asjsur.2024.03.089","article-title":"A comprehensive therapeutic approach of traditional Chinese medicine for mild adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"47","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian J Surg"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5060","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2021.1922521","article-title":"The efficacy of schroth exercises combined with the cheneau brace for the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a retrospective controlled study","volume":"44","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e307955","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0307955","article-title":"Pelvic rotation correction combined with schroth exercises for pelvic and spinal deformities in mild adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4059","DOI":"10.12114\/j.issn.1007-9572.2022.0386","article-title":"Rehabilitative effects of Schroth therapy with bonesetting massage for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"25","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Gen. Pract"},{"key":"B42","unstructured":"Wei\n              YN\n            \n          \n          Chengde Medical College\n          Observation on the efficacy of brace correction combined with acupuncture in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis of spleen-kidney yang deficiency type\n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.20140\/j.2095-7785.2025.01.15","article-title":"Clinical study of traditional Chinese medicine comprehensive therapy combined with schroth therapy plus brace correction in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Jiang Xi Zhong Yi Yao Da Xue Xue Bao"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609555","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.609555","article-title":"Case report: conservative treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis can Alter the perception of verticality. A preliminary study","volume":"8","author":"Zagalaz-Anula","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2026.1908709\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T10:16:38Z","timestamp":1788948998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2026.1908709\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2026.1908709"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2026.1908709","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"article-number":"1908709"}}