{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:12:52Z","timestamp":1790136772130,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,9]],"date-time":"2019-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AN 321\/2-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AN 321\/2-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01GM086448"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM086448"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH095905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH095905"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH096463"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH096463"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS076517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS076517"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,8]],"date-time":"2019-01-08T23:31:06Z","timestamp":1546990266000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Zolpidem Activation of Alpha 1-Containing GABAA Receptors Selectively Inhibits High Frequency Action Potential Firing of Cortical Neurons"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Elena","family":"Neumann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uwe","family":"Rudolph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Knutson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanguan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Hentschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Antkowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berthold","family":"Drexler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199908000-00025","article-title":"Different actions of general anaesthetics on the firing patterns of neocortical neurons mediated by the GABAA receptor.","volume":"91","author":"Antkowiak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(97)00546-6","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms of gamma rhythms in rat neocortical brain slices probed by the volatile anaesthetic isoflurane.","volume":"231","author":"Antkowiak","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2005.08.007","article-title":"Modulation of neocortical interneurons: extrinsic influences and exercises in self-control.","volume":"28","author":"Bacci","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03154-5","article-title":"Differential depression of neuronal network activity by midazolam and its main metabolite 1-hydroxymidazolam in cultured neocortical slices.","volume":"7","author":"Balk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.11.049","article-title":"Cleavage of the plasma membrane Na+\/Ca2+ exchanger in excitotoxicity.","volume":"120","author":"Bano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2556","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.04982.x","article-title":"Replacement of histidine in position 105 in the alpha(5) subunit by cysteine stimulates zolpidem sensitivity of alpha(5)beta(2)gamma(2) GABA(A) receptors.","volume":"103","author":"Baur","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200701000-00020","article-title":"Determination of the EC50 amnesic concentration of etomidate and its diffusion profile in brain tissue: implications for in vitro studies.","volume":"106","author":"Benkwitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu041","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury increases cortical glutamate network activity by compromising GABAergic control.","volume":"25","author":"Cantu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2008.08.001","article-title":"Spontaneous neuronal burst discharges as dependent and independent variables in the maturation of cerebral cortex tissue cultured in vitro: a review of activity-dependent studies in live \u2018model\u2019 systems for the development of intrinsically generated bioelectric slow-wave sleep patterns.","volume":"59","author":"Corner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0703717","article-title":"Mechanism of action of the hypnotic zolpidem in vivo.","volume":"131","author":"Crestani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.039099","article-title":"Development of rat CA1 neurones in acute versus organotypic slices: role of experience in synaptic morphology and activity.","volume":"550","author":"De Simoni","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1334","article-title":"Subcellular domain-restricted GABAergic innervation in primary visual cortex in the absence of sensory and thalamic inputs.","volume":"7","author":"Di Cristo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.06.014","article-title":"Distinct actions of etomidate and propofol at beta3-containing gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors.","volume":"57","author":"Drexler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181f9c035","article-title":"Diazepam decreases action potential firing of neocortical neurons via two distinct mechanisms.","volume":"111","author":"Drexler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2013.01.034","article-title":"Enhancing the function of alpha5-subunit-containing GABAA receptors promotes action potential firing of neocortical neurons during up-states.","volume":"703","author":"Drexler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2010.08.011","article-title":"Anxiolytic-like effects of 8-acetylene imidazobenzodiazepines in a rhesus monkey conflict procedure.","volume":"59","author":"Fischer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7258(03)00037-8","article-title":"Formation and plasticity of GABAergic synapses: physiological mechanisms and pathophysiological implications.","volume":"98","author":"Fritschy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0270(81)90003-0","article-title":"Organotypic monolayer cultures of nervous tissue.","volume":"4","author":"G\u00e4hwiler","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1097\/01.anes.0000267598.65120.f2","article-title":"Cholinergic modulation of sevoflurane potency in cortical and spinal networks in vitro.","volume":"106","author":"Grasshoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2008.06.026","article-title":"Depression of spinal network activity by thiopental: shift from phasic to tonic GABA(A) receptor-mediated inhibition.","volume":"55","author":"Grasshoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeh272","article-title":"Determination of diffusion and partition coefficients of propofol in rat brain tissue: implications for studies of drug action in vitro.","volume":"93","author":"Gredell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200403000-00023","article-title":"Sequential effects of increasing propofol sedation on frontal and temporal cortices as indexed by auditory event-related potentials.","volume":"100","author":"Heinke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2004.03843.x","article-title":"Neocortex is the major target of sedative concentrations of volatile anaesthetics: strong depression of firing rates and increase of GABA receptor-mediated inhibition.","volume":"21","author":"Hentschke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2011.07902.x","article-title":"Computation of measures of effect size for neuroscience data sets.","volume":"34","author":"Hentschke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31820ad3f9","article-title":"Differential effects of isoflurane on high-frequency and low-frequency gamma oscillations in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in freely moving rats.","volume":"114","author":"Hudetz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200410050-00031","article-title":"Sleep EEG changes after zolpidem in mice.","volume":"15","author":"Kopp","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.036665","article-title":"Molecular and pharmacological characterization of GABA(A) receptor alpha1 subunit knockout mice","volume":"302","author":"Kralic","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-02-j0004.2002","article-title":"The septohippocampal system participates in general anesthesia.","volume":"22","author":"Ma","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-006-0284-3","article-title":"GABA(A) receptor diversity and pharmacology.","volume":"326","author":"M\u00f6hler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2007.00027.x","article-title":"Effect size, confidence interval and statistical significance: a practical guide for biologists.","volume":"82","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6414","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-20-06414.1996","article-title":"Excitatory GABA responses in embryonic and neonatal cortical slices demonstrated by gramicidin perforated-patch recordings and calcium imaging.","volume":"16","author":"Owens","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.03.030","article-title":"Extrasynaptic NMDA receptor involvement in central nervous system disorders.","volume":"82","author":"Parsons","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01199.2005","article-title":"Specific subtypes of GABAA receptors mediate phasic and tonic forms of inhibition in hippocampal pyramidal neurons.","volume":"96","author":"Prenosil","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2013.00141","article-title":"Impairment of GABA transporter GAT-1 terminates cortical recurrent network activity via enhanced phasic inhibition.","volume":"7","author":"Razik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circuits"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyu055","article-title":"Behavioral effects of the benzodiazepine-positive allosteric modulator SH-053-2\u2032F-S-CH(3) in an immune-mediated neurodevelopmental disruption model.","volume":"18","author":"Richetto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9707","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0315-15.2015","article-title":"Etomidate impairs long-term potentiation in vitro by targeting alpha5-subunit containing GABAA receptors on nonpyramidal cells.","volume":"35","author":"Rodgers","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1038\/44579","article-title":"Benzodiazepine actions mediated by specific g-aminobutyric acidA receptor subtypes.","volume":"401","author":"Rudolph","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(00)01646-1","article-title":"GABA(A) receptor subtypes: dissecting their pharmacological functions.","volume":"22","author":"Rudolph","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(02)02191-X","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of zaleplon, zolpidem, and triazolam at various GABA(A) receptor subtypes.","volume":"451","author":"Sanna","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.01.004","article-title":"Novel positive allosteric modulators of GABAA receptors: do subtle differences in activity at alpha1 plus alpha5 versus alpha2 plus alpha3 subunits account for dissimilarities in behavioral effects in rats?","volume":"34","author":"Savic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026023393507","article-title":"Subunit composition, distribution and function of GABA(A) receptor subtypes.","volume":"2","author":"Sieghart","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/86.1.50","article-title":"Comparison of changes in electroencephalographic measures during induction of general anaesthesia: influence of the gamma frequency band and electromyogram signal.","volume":"86","author":"Sleigh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.11.018","article-title":"Zolpidem is a potent anticonvulsant in adult and aged mice.","volume":"1310","author":"Vlainic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6446(03)02703-X","article-title":"GABA-A receptor subtypes in the brain: a paradigm for CNS drug discovery?","volume":"8","author":"Whiting","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.107.038828","article-title":"Cortical glutamatergic neurons mediate the motor sedative action of diazepam.","volume":"73","author":"Zeller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fphar.2018.01523\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,8]],"date-time":"2019-01-08T23:31:08Z","timestamp":1546990268000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fphar.2018.01523\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,9]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2018.01523"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2018.01523","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,9]]},"article-number":"1523"}}