{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T14:33:49Z","timestamp":1792334029211,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]],"date-time":"2019-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81701962"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81701962"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018JJ2589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018JJ2589"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]],"date-time":"2019-05-09T07:46:42Z","timestamp":1557388002000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":172,"title":["Risk Factors of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Critically III Patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Diling","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenfang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siye","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanjun","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejccm.2017.06.001","article-title":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia in adult intensive care unit prevalence and complications.","volume":"5","author":"Abdelrazik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2018.08.40","article-title":"\u201cThe multimodal approach for ventilator-associated pneumonia prevention\u201d\u2014requirements for nationwide implementation.","volume":"6","author":"\u00c1lvarez-Lerma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"681","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in 4 multidisciplinary intensive care units in Athens.","volume":"48","author":"Apostolopoulou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Greece. Respir. Care"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.5847\/wjem.j.1920-8642.2018.03.007","article-title":"Risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in trauma patients: a descriptive analysis.","volume":"9","author":"Arumugam","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ccm.0000435665.07446.50","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors, and mortality for ventilator-associated pneumonia in middle-aged, old, and very old critically ill patients.","volume":"42","author":"Blot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1086\/386321","article-title":"Sedation, sucralfate, and antibiotic use are potential means for protection against early-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia.","volume":"38","author":"Bornstain","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1601-1638","article-title":"Analysis of epidemiology and risk factors for mortality in ventilator-associated pneumonia attacks in intensive care unit patients.","volume":"47","author":"But","year":"2017","journal-title":"Turk. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7272080","article-title":"Investigation on risk factors of ventilator-associated pneumonia in acute cerebral hemorrhage patients in intensive care unit.","volume":"2017","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. Respir. J."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x20176830","article-title":"Risk factors for early-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients.","volume":"51","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-021488","article-title":"Prevention of early ventilation-acquired pneumonia (VAP) in comatose braininjured patients by a single dose of ceftriaxone: PROPHY-VAP study protocol, a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"8","author":"Dahyot-Fizelier","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2566-2567","article-title":"Incidence, temporal trend and factors associated with ventilator-associated pneumonia in mainland China: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"17","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2009.01.007","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor alpha-308 gene locus promoter polymorphism: an analysis of association with health and disease.","volume":"1792","author":"Elahi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2018.087","article-title":"Keeping it simple: impact of a restrictive antibiotic policy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in trauma patients on incidence and sensitivities of causative pathogens.","volume":"19","author":"Evans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surg. Infect."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1081\/COPD-120030163","article-title":"Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: gold executive summary updated 2003.","volume":"1","author":"Fabbri","year":"2004","journal-title":"COPD"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11312","article-title":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia and ICU mortality in severe ARDS patients ventilated according to a lung-protective strategy.","volume":"16","author":"Forel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2007.08.005","article-title":"Early- and late-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia acquired in the intensive care unit: comparison of risk factors.","volume":"23","author":"Giard","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2008.03.002","article-title":"CDC\/NHSN surveillance definition of health care-associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting.","volume":"36","author":"Horan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2017.10.15","article-title":"Relationship between hyperoxemia and ventilator associated pneumonia.","volume":"5","author":"Jaffal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2017.01.019","article-title":"Incidence, characteristic and outcomes of ventilator-associated pneumonia among type 2 diabetes patients: an observational population-based study in Spain.","volume":"40","author":"Jimenez-Trujillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.396","article-title":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia in a tertiary care hospital in India: incidence and risk factors.","volume":"3","author":"Joseph","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1159\/000447566","article-title":"Twenty-eight-day mortality of blunt traumatic brain injury and co-injuries requiring mechanical ventilation.","volume":"25","author":"Jovanovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pract."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2015.07.005","article-title":"Risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients with severe traumatic brain injury in a Serbian trauma centre.","volume":"38","author":"Jovanovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw353","article-title":"Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america and the american thoracic society.","volume":"63","author":"Kalil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2012.04.040","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms within tumor necrosis factor gene promoter region: a role for susceptibility to ventilator-associated pneumonia.","volume":"59","author":"Kotsak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1097\/bcr.0b013e31814b25b1","article-title":"National burn repository 2006: a ten-year review.","volume":"28","author":"Latenser","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Burn Care Res."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001936","article-title":"Reinventing the wheel: Impact of prolonged antibiotic exposure on multidrug-resistant ventilator-associated pneumonia in trauma patients.","volume":"85","author":"Lewis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-017-0509-8","article-title":"Risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia among patients undergoing major oncological surgery for head and neck cancer.","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41038-015-0009-5","article-title":"Interpretation for practice guidelines for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia in burn patients by american burn association.","volume":"3","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Burns Trauma"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpm.ijpm_487_16","article-title":"Bacteriological profile of ventilator-associated pneumonia in a tertiary care hospital.","volume":"61","author":"Mahapatra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Pathol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10191","article-title":"Effect of a probiotic preparation on ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit: a prospective double-blind randomized controlled trial.","volume":"34","author":"Mahmoodpoor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/mcc.0000000000000535","article-title":"New guidelines for hospital-acquired pneumonia\/ventilator-associated pneumonia.","volume":"24","author":"Martin-Loeches","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Crit. Care"},{"key":"B32","first-page":"126","article-title":"Early detection of pneumonia as a risk factor for mortality in burn patients in Menoufiya Unversity hospitals, Egypt.","volume":"26","author":"Mgahed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Burns Fire Disast."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2016.05.019","article-title":"Supine position and nonmodifiable risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in trauma patients.","volume":"213","author":"Michetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2018.08.017","article-title":"Efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis against ventilator-associated pneumonia.","volume":"101","author":"Mirtalaei","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcdt.2017.08.004","article-title":"Ventilator associated pneumonia, incidence and risk factors in emergency intensive care unit Zagazig university hospitals.","volume":"66","author":"Othman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Chest Dis. Tuberc."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066618779369","article-title":"Intra-abdominal hypertension is a risk factor for increased VAP incidence: a prospective cohort study in the ICU of a tertiary hospital.","author":"Papakrivou","year":"","journal-title":"J. Inten. Care Med."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2018.08.27","article-title":"Is intra-abdominal hypertension a risk factor for ventilator-associated pneumonia?","volume":"6","author":"Papakrivou","year":"","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4601348","article-title":"Intra-abdominal hypertension causes bacterial growth in lungs: an animal study.","volume":"2017","author":"Papakrivou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31819c39bc","article-title":"The tumor necrosis factor polymorphism TNF (308) is associated with susceptibility to meningococcal sepsis, but not with lethality.","volume":"4","author":"Read","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-018-0609-x","article-title":"Resistance trends and treatment options in gram-negative ventilator-associated pneumonia.","volume":"20","author":"Rhodes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/431739","article-title":"A TREM-1 polymorphism A\/T within the exon 2 is associated with pneumonia in burn-injured patients.","volume":"2013","author":"Rivera-Ch\u00e1vez","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Inflamm."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2013.12.021","article-title":"Ventilator associated pneumonia in major paediatric burns.","volume":"40","author":"Rogers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-014-2118-2117","article-title":"Association of autophagy-related 16-like 1 (ATG16L1) gene polymorphism with sepsis severity in patients with sepsis and ventilator-associated pneumonia.","volume":"33","author":"Savva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1097\/BCR.0000000000000228","article-title":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia prevention bundle significantly reduces the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically Ill burn patients.","volume":"37","author":"Sen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Burn Care Res."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000000251","article-title":"Gender disparity in ventilator-associated pneumonia following trauma: identifying risk factors for mortality.","volume":"77","author":"Sharpe","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2005.08.005","article-title":"Incidence, risk factors, and outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia.","volume":"21","author":"Tejerina","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-017-0010-10","article-title":"Outcomes and risk factors of ventilator-associated pneumonia in neonates.","volume":"13","author":"Thatrimontrichai","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Pediatr."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2018.08.004","article-title":"Is zero ventilatorassociated pneumonia achievable? practical approaches to ventilator-associated pneumonia prevention.","volume":"39","author":"Vazquez Guillamet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Chest Med."},{"key":"B49","first-page":"107","article-title":"The risk factors for hospital-acquired pneumonia in the intensive care unit.","volume":"70","author":"Walaszek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Przegl. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S153","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy692","article-title":"The current epidemiological landscape of ventilator-associated pneumonia in the intensive care unit: a multicenter prospective observational study in China.","volume":"67","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000738","article-title":"Early coagulopathy is associated with increased incidence of ventilator-associated events among burn patients.","volume":"47","author":"Younan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1097\/shk.0000000000000531","article-title":"Early trauma-induced coagulopathy is associated with increased ventilator-associated pneumonia in spinal cord injury patients.","volume":"45","author":"Younan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2007.065","article-title":"Risk factors and outcomes for ventilator-associated pneumonia in neonatal intensive care unit patients.","volume":"35","author":"Yuan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2017.02.029","article-title":"The effects of oral rinse with 0.2% and 2% chlorhexidine on oropharyngeal colonization and ventilator associated pneumonia in adults\u2019 intensive care units.","volume":"40","author":"Zand","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.29271\/jp.2018.07.536","article-title":"Assessment of frequency and transience rate for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in geriatric patients in tertiary care settings of Karachi, Pakistan.","volume":"28","author":"Zubair","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Coll. Phys. Surg. Pak."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fphar.2019.00482\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]],"date-time":"2019-05-09T07:46:46Z","timestamp":1557388006000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fphar.2019.00482\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2019.00482"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2019.00482","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]]},"article-number":"482"}}