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Behavioral endpoints (first head movement, two paws down, and return of righting), arterial blood gas analysis and local field potential recordings from the prefrontal cortex were conducted in adult rats after intravenous administration of of fentanyl (55\u00a0\u00b5g\/kg) at a dose sufficient to induce loss of righting and respiratory depression, followed by intravenous d-amphetamine (3\u00a0mg\/kg) or saline (vehicle). D-amphetamine accelerated the time to return of righting by 36.6% compared to saline controls. D-amphetamine also hastened recovery of arterial pH, and the partial pressure of CO2, O2 and sO2 compared to controls, with statistically significant differences in pH after 5\u00a0min and 15\u00a0min. Local field potential recordings from the prefrontal cortex showed that within 5\u00a0min of d-amphetamine administration, the elevated broadband power &amp;lt;20\u00a0Hz produced by fentanyl had returned to awake baseline levels, consistent with the return of consciousness. Overall, d-amphetamine attenuated respiratory acidosis, increased arterial oxygenation, and accelerated the return of consciousness in the setting of fentanyl intoxication. This suggests that d-amphetamine may be a useful adjunct or alternative to opioid receptor antagonists such as naloxone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.585356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T11:01:20Z","timestamp":1605178880000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["D-Amphetamine Accelerates Recovery of Consciousness and Respiratory Drive After High-Dose Fentanyl in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Olivia A.","family":"Moody","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edlyn R.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vipin","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Risako","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph F.","family":"Cotten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Solt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12906","article-title":"Dopamine receptors - IUPHAR review 13","volume":"172","author":"Beaulieu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. 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