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Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Age and gender are two important factors that may influence the function and structure of the retina and its susceptibility to retinal diseases. The aim of this study was to delineate the influence that biological sex and age exert on the retinal structural and ultrastructural changes in mice and to identify the age-related miRNA dysregulation profiles in the retina by gender. Experiments were undertaken on male and female Balb\/c aged 24\u00a0months (approximately 75\u201385\u00a0years in humans) compared to the control (3 months). The retinas were analyzed by histology, transmission electron microscopy, and age-related miRNA expression profile analysis. Retinas of both sexes showed a steady decline in retinal thickness as follows: photoreceptor (PS) and outer layers (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01 for the aged male vs. control; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05 for the aged female vs. control); the inner retinal layers were significantly affected by the aging process in the males (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01) but not in the aged females. Electron microscopy revealed more abnormalities which involve the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Bruch\u2019s membrane, outer and inner layers, vascular changes, deposits of amorphous materials, and accumulation of lipids or lipofuscins. Age-related miRNAs, miR-27a-3p (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01), miR-27b-3p (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), and miR-20a-5p (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) were significantly up-regulated in aged male mice compared to the controls, whereas miR-20b-5p was significantly down-regulated in aged male (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) and female mice (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) compared to the respective controls. miR-27a-3p (5.00 fold; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01) and miR-27b (7.58 fold; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01) were significantly up-regulated in aged male mice vs. aged female mice, whereas miR-20b-5p (\u22122.10 fold; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) was significantly down-regulated in aged male mice vs. aged female mice. Interestingly, miR-27a-3p, miR-27b-3p, miR-20a-5p, and miR-20b-5p expressions significantly correlated with the thickness of the retinal PS layer (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01), retinal outer layers (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01), and Bruch\u2019s membrane (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01). Our results showed that biological sex can influence the structure and function of the retina upon aging, suggesting that this difference may be underlined by the dysregulation of age-related mi-RNAs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.593514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]],"date-time":"2021-01-14T07:54:46Z","timestamp":1610610886000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Changes in Retinal Structure and Ultrastructure in the Aged Mice Correlate With Differences in the Expression of Selected Retinal miRNAs"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Anca","family":"Hermenean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Consiglia","family":"Trotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Gharbia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrei Gelu","family":"Hermenean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor Eduard","family":"Peteu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cornel","family":"Balta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Coralia","family":"Cotoraci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Gesualdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Settimio","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Gherghiceanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"D\u2019Amico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37638","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037638","article-title":"Macular thickness by age and gender in healthy eyes using spectral domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"7","author":"Adhi","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1016\/s0161-6420(00)00409-7","article-title":"Risk factors associated with age-related macular degeneration. 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