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Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation play important roles in regulating gene expression and may mediate neuroplasticity and lead to drug-induced aberrant behaviors. Although several brain regions and neurobiological mechanisms have been suggested to be involved in these processes, there is remarkably little known about the effects of DNA methylation on heroin-seeking behavior. Using a Sprague-Dawley rat model, we show that heroin self-administration resulted in gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit delta (GABRD) gene hypomethylation, which was associated with transcriptional upregulation of GABRD in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Systemic <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>-methionine (MET) administration significantly strengthened the reinstatement of heroin-seeking behavior induced by heroin priming, whereas intra-NAc injections of the DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor 5-aza-2\u2032-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC) had the opposite effect on heroin-seeking. Meanwhile, 5-Aza-dC treatment decreased DNA methylation and upregulated the expression of GABRD in the NAc, whereas MET had the opposite effect. Our results also reveal that 5-Aza-dC might alter the methylation landscape of the GABRD gene by directly repressing DNMT1 and DNMT3A expression. Furthermore, reinstatement of heroin-seeking behavior was significantly inhibited by directly overexpressing GABRD and remarkably reinforced by GABRD gene silencing in the NAc. Collectively, these results suggest that targeting the GABRD gene and its methylation might represent a novel pharmacological strategy for treating heroin addiction and relapse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.612200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T09:28:58Z","timestamp":1611221338000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Role of GABRD Gene Methylation in the Nucleus Accumbens in Heroin-Seeking Behavior in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Qingxiao","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weisheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huaqiang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miaojun","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dingding","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zemin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenhua","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huifen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.07.004","article-title":"Basolateral amygdala neurons facilitate reward-seeking behavior by exciting nucleus accumbens neurons","volume":"59","author":"Ambroggi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12548","article-title":"Neuromodulation therapies for alcohol addiction: a literature review","volume":"21","author":"Azevedo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.12.012","article-title":"Extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors: their function in the CNS and implications for disease","volume":"73","author":"Brickley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.10.021","article-title":"Chronic methamphetamine treatment reduces the expression of synaptic plasticity genes and changes their DNA methylation status in the mouse brain","volume":"1629","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.117.244673","article-title":"Genetic and molecular regulation of extrasynaptic GABA-A receptors in the brain: therapeutic insights for epilepsy","volume":"364","author":"Chuang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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